Main activities of a commercial bank. Priority goals and main activities of a commercial bank. Main functions of the design bureau

Types of banking activities:

1. Reception and storage of deposits.

2. Lending.

3.Settlement services are intermediation in payments for goods supplies, according to wages, taxes, duties between entrepreneurs, the population and the state.

4. Accounting for bills of exchange (discounting) - the bank buys up bills of exchange that have not yet matured, while retaining the discount interest (discount) in its favor (later, when the payment term arrives, it presents them to the drawers for payment).

5. Information and consulting services.

6. Trading and commission activities - covers gold trading, securities transactions, placement of loans, currency exchange, services related to leasing, factoring (factor operations, for example, intermediary services for resale of the right to collect debts, self-collection of money from debtors), etc.

7. Trust operations (or trust) are the management of someone’s property (land, securities, etc.) by proxy.

Banks carry out passive and active operations. Through passive operations, the bank mobilizes resources. With the help of active ones, it places them.

The bank's resources are formed from its own and borrowed funds. Own funds include share capital, reserve capital, and retained earnings. The bulk of the bank's resources are attracted in the form of deposits, as well as current and correspondent accounts.

Deposits are all urgent and non-term time deposits bank clients, except savings clients. Deposits are of two types - demand accounts and time accounts. Demand deposits are funds in current accounts. They can be required at any time. The same applies to current accounts. A current account is a single account on which all transactions of the bank with the client are recorded. The main transactions for current account transactions are loans. Demand deposits are mainly intended for current payments. By opening this account, the client transfers the technical management of his payment transactions to the bank. The client can only withdraw his own deposit from the deposit account. A checking account allows the client to also use the credit that the bank provides to him.

Time deposits, unlike current ones, are made for longer periods and pay a higher interest rate.

Savings deposits, unlike time deposits, do not have a strictly defined term. Their special feature is a certificate of deposit availability - a savings book.

Functions of specialized credit and financial institutions:

Investment banks are engaged in issuing and founding activities, i.e. carry out issuance and placement operations valuable papers;

Savings institutions accumulate the savings of the population and invest money capital mainly in financing commercial and residential construction:

Insurance companies provide life, property and liability insurance, accumulate household savings for long-term financing of the economy;

Pension funds form an insurance fund for the economy, invest their accumulated cash reserves in bonds and shares of private companies and government securities, thus financing the economy and the state.

Credit transactions can be classified according to a number of criteria.

According to the terms for which the loan is provided, it is divided into short-term, medium-term, long-term and on-call loans. The latter are repaid at the request of the client.

Depending on the collateral, loans can be unsecured (without collateral) or secured. The latter are bills of exchange, for goods, for securities.

Based on the nature of repayment, loans are divided into those repayable in installments and repaid in a lump sum.

Depending on the size, the loan is divided into small, medium and large.

Monetary policy is a set of interrelated measures taken by the central bank in order to regulate aggregate demand by influencing money circulation.

Monetary policy instruments:

1. Limiting the growth of credit investments. The Central Bank limits the growth of credit investments made by commercial banks by establishing for them a percentage rate for increasing the amounts passing through credit operations over a certain time.

2. Accounting (discount) policy and pawnshop policy. When they are applied, the central bank acts as the main creditor of all other banks. He issues loans subject to the rediscounting of bills of exchange (discount policy) of banks turning to him or on the security of their securities (lombard policy). The rate determined by the central bank on such loans is called the official discount (discount or pawn) rate. Changing discount rate, the central bank influences aggregate demand and aggregate supply.

3. Open market operations - the purchase or sale by the central bank of Treasury securities on the open market in order to inject reserves into or withdraw reserves from the government's credit system.

4. Minimum reserve policy. Minimum reserves - defined sums of money, which commercial banks are required to hold in central bank accounts. The Central Bank, by increasing the amount of the required reserve, restrains the business activity of commercial banks; by decreasing it, it stimulates it.

5. Voluntary agreements. They are concluded between the central and commercial banks, which voluntarily place their activities within certain limits for certain information.

To master the lecture material, you must pay attention to Special attention into components economic policy, its content, main development priorities.

The monetary system is the form of organization of money circulation in each country. Social policy - coordinated activities economic entities aimed at providing favorable living and working conditions for members of society. The main entity coordinating this activity is the state. World economy- a system of national economies interconnected international division labor, trade, economic, financial, scientific, technical, political and other international relations.

This economy includes both developed and developing countries. The formation of the world economy began simultaneously with the emergence of commodity exchange

Stages of banking commercial activity

First, an application for loan funds is submitted and an interview with the client is arranged. To obtain a loan, the client fills out an application indicating information about the required loan: the purpose of obtaining the loan, its size, type and term of the loan, possible security for repayment of the loan. The bank may require additional documents and financial statements to be attached to the application. To obtain credit resources, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities additionally submit the following documents: the organization’s balance sheet for the last quarter with attachments, a business plan.

The next stage is to study the creditworthiness of the loan recipient and conduct a risk assessment, which is carried out in accordance with the credit rating system developed by the bank. The rating system is designed to assess the creditworthiness of the borrower, as well as determine the rating of various loan products.

When assessing the creditworthiness of the loan recipient, an analysis of its financial condition is carried out (liquidity indicators, financial stability, accounts receivable and payable, indicators financial flows income, profit, main business indicators (business activity indicators; profitability indicators; sales volumes and account turnover; cash credit history; quality of management and business reputation; position of the organization in the market; assessment of competitors).

Note 3

Collateral for a loan can be various types of collateral, guarantees, and sureties.

The next stage is preparation for concluding a contract. When approving a loan, the main characteristics of the loan are determined: its type, loan size, terms and procedure for lending, methods of loan repayment, ensuring loan repayment, interest on the loan.

The final stage is the organization of credit monitoring, which is the process of monitoring the movement of loan repayments and the procedure for paying interest. Monitoring is carried out through periodic analysis of the borrower’s credit file. Based on the monitoring results, a set of measures is being developed to improve the quality of the loan and ensure timely and complete fulfillment of the client’s obligations.

The main goal of every commercial bank is to obtain and increase profits. It consists of the difference between interest on loans granted and interest on deposits. Naturally, interest rates on loans are significantly higher than interest rates on deposits. In addition, many commercial organizations charge clients bank commissions, which are also components of bank profit. Also, a significant item of income for a commercial bank includes penalties and fines for late payments on loans provided.

Credit banks can provide their clients with a number of services:

Issuing loans to the population (consumer loans, housing loans, car loans), organizations and individual entrepreneurs;

Carrying out operations on deposits and deposits of individuals and legal entities;

Banking operations with foreign currency funds;

Conducting transactions with precious stones and metals, as well as with securities;

Removal and exchange of damaged banknotes for new ones;

Purchase and sale of foreign currencies;

Operations for registration of leasing transactions;

Being part of the general banking system, commercial banks carry out functions and operations in many ways similar to the Central Bank, differing in sources of resources, clientele, and the nature of their activities.

Commercial operations of banks are expressed:

In mediation in the provision of credit resources to business entities;

In the implementation of mediation in payments, in settlements between business entities;

In connection with the formation of the stock market, they participate in transactions with securities, they are allowed to issue securities;

With extensive economic information, commercial banks advise clients on strategies for effective financial development;

They purchase and issue loans against bills of exchange.

Commercial banks are systematically expanding the scope and forms of their economic activities. Recently, factoring, leasing, consulting, and trust operations have become widespread.

In the very general view factoring - provision of commission and commercial settlements between counterparties. The bank pays the debt of its client, who subsequently pays the bank, which eliminates the gap in the resulting chain of non-payments. These can be deferred payments: for goods, works, services. This form of work allows some legal entities to receive goods with deferred payment, and others to accumulate working capital without freezing them for a long period. Immediately after the financial and economic crisis broke out in the world, the number of people wishing to enter into a factoring agreement decreased significantly. Banks, trying to protect themselves from insolvent debtors, have placed very high interest rates from the transaction amount, which sometimes reached 40 per year. Product suppliers were faced with a sharp collapse in prices, and therefore they did not want to give the lion's share of their meager profits to financial institutions.

As for debtors, they simply faced an unprecedented tightening of working conditions. Therefore, only large institutions remained in business: banks, whose working capital allowed them to stay afloat during the financial storm. The more reputable the bank, the more profitable it will be to work with it and the stricter the conditions for starting cooperation. Many organizations preferred not to get involved in such complex relationships, intending to wait for better times. Now they have arrived, compared to the past, and in 2010 the volume of factoring operations became very significant.

However, almost all banks prefer recourse factoring, according to which they have the right to demand payment of the debt from the creditor if the debtor refuses to fulfill the obligations. On the one hand, this contradicts the spirit of pure factoring, because debt repayment is a risky undertaking. On the other hand, you don’t have to choose, and the risk of being left without money in such a scheme is much lower than in a classic lending agreement.

Banks will only work with those organizations that have already demonstrated serious intentions and viability. Everyone is ready to cooperate with such institutions. If a particular company has been on the market for more than five years and has survived the crisis with good financial indicators, then she has high chances for decent factoring conditions. A non-recourse obligation, when there is no right to demand compensation for losses from the creditor in the event of the debtor's insolvency, is too risky and is not encouraged by banks. If someone agrees to work under such conditions, the stakes will be very high. It is noteworthy that financial institutions set annual rates, but they themselves are limited to short terms: for commodity factoring it is 90-120 days. On the one hand, many organizations don’t need more: they are intermediaries in the chain and will be able to sell the product at a profit much earlier. However, business is business, and financial transactions between legal entities are not always carried out instantly. If the debtor company has liquid assets on its balance sheet (real estate, machinery, equipment), then it can well count on cooperation with banks. However, those organizations that are more focused on intermediary schemes and can offer only goods in circulation as collateral are unlikely to be accepted by banks.

Leasing operations - provision of means of production to user enterprises on a medium- and long-term lease basis. Unlike conventional rent, leasing, as a rule, involves the purchase of equipment at the end of the term at its residual value.

Consulting (consulting) operations - professional research and development services in the field of economics and management provided by commercial banks and independent consulting firms to enterprises, organizations and bodies government controlled. Consulting (from the English consulting - consulting) is an intellectual service, their task is to assist clients in a particular area of activity. Moreover, consulting is not education, not mentoring, not training. The consultant’s task is to assist the client in solving a specific problem in this moment time and in this field of activity. Counseling does not involve active feedback between the consultant and the consulted. The consultant gives away his knowledge, but does not require the client to assimilate it. That is, the client, purchasing consulting services for a fee, uses the intellectual property of the consultant, his experience, analytical capabilities, and so on. Consulting services can also be provided in the field of attracting loans. In this case, consultants provide a full range of services to find a suitable source of financing before organizing the receipt of this investment. The client receives complete information about how best to provide for his financial needs, who would be an ideal investor for him, and how to organize the receipt of financing.

The client can obtain all this information on his own, but in this case he will have to do a lot of work, in particular:

Meet everyone possible ways lending in this region;

Analyze financial condition the client, his needs and capabilities;

Choose the optimal financing package. there may be several sources of financing;

Prepare a package of documents necessary to receive investments and present it to investors.

Obviously, the services of consultants in this case will help save a lot of time and, ultimately, money.

Trust (trust) operations are reduced to the performance by commercial banks of services in the interests and on behalf of clients as a trustee. commercial banks issue shares and bonds, carry out their subsequent placement, and manage part of the funds received on this basis. IN foreign practice Trust operations mean operations to manage property and perform other services on behalf of and in the interests of the client as his trustee.

In the domestic literature, a trust is characterized as a special form of property management that determines the rights to transferred property, to the distribution of profits received as a result of this management, and is a relationship between the trust founder, manager and beneficiary. The founder of the trust (or its founder) is an individual or entity, who founded the trust and (or) transferred certain property to it. The administrator of a trust is the person appointed by the founder to manage such property. “Property” can be not only property or property rights, but also cash, shares and other securities, which makes it possible to concentrate a large number of small deposits in order to invest them in the most profitable projects. The obligations and rights of the trust administrator are determined by law or the trust agreement. The person in whose favor the trust agreement is concluded is called the beneficiary. It can be either a third party or the founder himself.

The functions of trust departments of commercial banks include three large groups of operations:

Disposal of clients' inheritance by will;

Performing operations under a power of attorney and in connection with guardianship;

Agency services.

If commercial banks were only involved in organizing cash transactions, storing savings and issuing loans, then they would not fulfill the key role that they have in modern economy. Banks are able, without printing money, to increase the money supply and thereby regulate economic life countries. The meaning of the ongoing processes is that cash deposits from banks are not withdrawn simultaneously. If there is a certain, legally established reserve fund, the money in the bank is put into circulation, i.e. actually a credit issue is carried out.

Credit emission consists of a bank increasing the money supply by creating new checking (current) accounts for those clients who have received loans from it and do not take them in cash, agreeing to spend their future expenses in non-cash form. Types of credit money can be checks, bills, deposits, and electronic money. Credit issue does not provide negative impact on the economic life of the country, due to the fact that it has clear limits, which are determined by the size reserve requirements Central Bank. The entire diverse volume of active and passive operations of commercial banks is expressed in their income and expenses. The assets of commercial banks are any property of the bank that is at its direct and unlimited disposal and at the same time has a clear cash equivalent. Simply put, banks' assets usually refer to all their property that can be valued from a monetary point of view. There are four main types of assets of commercial banks:

Cash (all funds available in the accounts of a banking institution);

Bank loans (obligations that those of its clients have to the bank to whom loans were issued on certain conditions - that is, potential money, the rights to which belong to the bank, but at the moment do not have a specific cash expression);

Investments (most often investments are made in securities of private and public companies, as well as in government securities);

Real estate.

The assets of commercial banks are usually divided based on several criteria. If we consider them from the point of view of liquidity (that is, the ability to quickly find a buyer and generate income), it turns out that cash has average liquidity, real estate can be classified as illiquid assets, and a high degree of liquidity is inherent in loans and investments. If assets are assessed by their degree of reliability, it will be found that it is loans and investments that have high risk(may not generate income or lead to losses), while real estate and cash are practically risk-free. Finally, the assets of commercial banks can be distinguished as income-generating (investment transactions, loans, deposit transactions, and the like) and non-income-generating (cash and real estate).

Bank liabilities play an equally important role in the implementation of banking activities. The fact is that the liabilities of commercial banks mean so-called passive operations, that is, such operations that are aimed at forming in various ways from various sources banking resources. And in fairness, it is worth noting that, in general, assets in relation to liabilities in banking are of a secondary nature - initially, to organize a banking institution, it is necessary to carry out operations to attract funds from external sources (that is, liabilities) in order to create equity capital on their basis , having a monetary value (that is, those same assets). Passive operations of banks form the resources of banks and are divided into:

Formation of the bank’s own capital through the primary issue (issue) of securities;

Acceptance of deposits (bank deposits) from individuals and legal entities;

Deductions from bank profits to increase equity capital and funds;

Obtaining loans from other banking institutions and other credit structures, including government ones.

Passive operations allow banks to attract funds in circulation and thereby represent their credit potential formed by own and borrowed funds. Own funds comprise share capital (authorized fund formed through the issue and placement of securities), reserve capital (deductions from profits in case of unplanned losses and unfavorable changes in market conditions stock market) And retained earnings(remaining after paying dividends and replenishing reserve capital). Funds raised from various sources (deposits, loans, etc.) are valuable because they provide the vast majority (up to 90%) of active banking operations - in particular, almost all credit operations are carried out at their expense.

The main income items of commercial banks are:

Interest on loan;

Dividends on shares and shares;

Commission payments, etc.

Banks' costs are reduced to accrued and paid interest, allocations for the maintenance of the administrative and managerial apparatus, depreciation charges, operating expenses. The excess of income over expenses constitutes bank profit (spread), of which more than 55% is paid to the state. The bulk of the remaining profit is used to create reserve and other funds, as well as for current commercial activities.

Commercial banks are also engaged in intermediary operations, conducting universal operations for enterprises of all industries and departments, at the expense of monetary resources and savings attracted into deposits. However, the functioning of a commercial bank does not end there, currently numbering up to 300 types of various operations.

The relationship between the client and the banks is strictly formalized (contractual) in nature. Clients can independently decide on choosing a bank for service, both for credit and settlement, and cash. An enterprise has the right to be serviced for any type of banking operations either in one or several banks. All operations carried out in a commercial bank can be carried out both in rubles and in foreign currency. Commercial banks are prohibited from carrying out transactions involving trade or production of material assets, and banks are also prohibited from insuring any types of risk, with the exception of currency risks. When drawing up an interbank agreement, commercial banks can place and attract monetary resources among themselves in the form of loans or deposits, as well as conduct other mutually beneficial transactions provided for by the institution’s charters.

Commercial banks independently decide on choosing a bank to carry out transactions or store funds; for this they open a correspondent account. In addition, commercial banks, if they lack capital to fulfill their obligations or provide loans to clients, can apply to the Central Bank for a loan.

commercial Bank credit trust

Course work

Money, credit, banks

Topic: Commercial banks, their types and main areas of activity

Samsonova Maryana

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS AND THEIR PLACE IN THE BANKING SYSTEM OF THE RF

AREAS OF ACTIVITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

CONCLUSION

GLOSSARY

LIST OF SOURCES USED

Introduction

The foundation for the formation of market relations is not only the creation of commodity, but also financial markets necessary for carrying out reproductive activities. The market is practically impossible under monopolism, the absence of counterparties, and competition. For the widespread introduction of market relations at the macro level, it was necessary to create an effective mechanism for the distribution and redistribution of financial resources. This is how new types of banks - commercial banks - became widespread. The first commercial banks in modern Russia arose in 1988, when 41 banks were registered primarily to serve cooperatives, individual private enterprises and other new forms of activity. In 1998, there were already 1,403 banks, whereas in 1997 there were 2,603. As of the fall of 2013, there were more than 950 commercial banks operating in Russia, representing the country’s banking system as a whole. Their total assets, according to the Bank of Russia, amount to 13.96 trillion. rubles, of which 1.69 trillion. - own funds. A total of more than 8 trillion in loans were issued across all segments. rubles Private deposits from individuals amounted to 3.8 trillion. Cash funds of legal entities in the accounts of commercial banks - 4.79 trillion. rubles

The purpose of the course work is to study the types and areas of activity of commercial banks.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) show the place of commercial banks in the modern banking system;

) transfer existing species commercial banks;

) explain the areas of activity of commercial banks.

1. TYPES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS AND THEIR PLACE IN THE BANKING SYSTEM OF THE RF

Banking system Russian Federation includes the Bank of Russia, credit organizations (banks and non-profit organizations), as well as branches and representative offices of foreign banks. The authorized capital and all property of the Central Bank (Bank of Russia) are federal property, and making a profit is not the purpose of the Bank of Russia. All other banks in Russia are commercial.

According to the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”, any credit organization is a legal entity that, in order to make a profit as the main goal of its activities, on the basis of a license issued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, has the right to carry out banking operations provided for by law. Since the main goal of all banks is to make a profit, all banks received the prefix “commercial”. Non-profit companies are companies, unions, associations that do not set themselves the goal of making a profit.

The founders of commercial banks are, as a rule, large enterprises, associations, and organizations that have a stable financial position. To start operations, they are created on a share or joint stock basis.

Commercial banks differ:

to size;

according to the ownership of the authorized capital and the method of its formation;

by types of transactions performed;

by territorial sphere of activity: republican, regional, municipal;

by industry specialization (interaction with a specific industry).

by the composition of participants (shareholders), that is, the owners of the bank.

Rice. 1.1. Methods for classifying commercial banks

Depending on their specialization, commercial banks can be universal and specialized. In the financial market, specialized banks include investment and mortgage banks, development banks, and foreign economic banks. These types of banks include the Moscow Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the St. Petersburg Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The type of bank is determined by the license issued by the Central Bank of Russia. In some cases, specialization depends on the composition of clients. We can highlight such industry banks as Energomashbank (St. Petersburg), Gazprom (Moscow), Neftekhimbank (Moscow), Metallinvestbank (Moscow), etc.

Large banks can create their branches and representative offices on the territory of the Russian Federation, which are established in accordance with the general procedure. The credit institution notifies the Bank of Russia of the opening of branches or representative offices. She is obliged to provide the postal address of the branch (representative office), its powers, functions, information about the managers, the scale of the planned operations, provide seal impressions and signatures of the managers. For opening branches, a credit institution pays a fee in the amount of 1000 times the minimum wage; the fee goes to the federal budget.

Commercial banks are within the sphere of economic influence of the Central Bank, which issues licenses for their opening, sets the minimum size of the authorized capital, required reserves, standards for the maximum ratio between its own and attracted assets, and standards for the liquidity of cash resources.

Most big bank in the Russian Federation it is Sberbank of Russia. As of September 13, 2012, 60.25% of the shares of Sberbank of the Russian Federation belong to the Bank of Russia, and the remaining 39.75% of the shares are in public circulation. Thus, Sberbank of Russia has a special position among all Russian banks: it is more than half owned by the controlling body in the banking system - the Bank of Russia. At the same time, Sberbank is a kind of Gulliver in the land of Lilliputians: it accounts for more than a quarter of the total size of the Russian banking system.

State banks of Russia are commercial banks that are wholly or predominantly owned by the state. In addition to Sberbank, this is Rosselkhozbank, 100% of whose shares belong to the Russian Federation represented by Federal agency for state property management (Rosimushchestvo), and OJSC VTB Bank, 75.4978% of the shares of which belong to the Russian Federation represented by the same Rosimushchestvo. There is another one operating in Russia National Bank, unique in its kind: it has no banking license and operates on the basis of Law No. 82-FZ - this is state corporation Vnesheconombank. Vnesheconombank, in turn, established a subsidiary bank with 100% share ownership - Open Joint Stock Company "Russian Bank for Support of Small and Medium Enterprises" (OJSC "SME Bank").

Currently, Vnesheconombank also owns 100% of the shares of the State Specialized Russian Export-Import Bank (ROSEXIMBANK CJSC). In 2008, Vnesheconombank carried out the rehabilitation of OJSC AKB Svyaz-Bank and CJSC CB Globex, which were experiencing serious difficulties, as a result of which Vnesheconombank currently owns more than 99% of the shares of each of these two banks. Gazprombank also has a significant share of the state in its capital (through OJSC Gazprom, Vnesheconombank and NPF GAZFOND).

The largest Russian banks have been consistently represented for several years by the following commercial banks: Sberbank, VTB, Gazprombank, Rosselkhozbank, Bank of Moscow, VTB 24, Alfa-Bank, Unicredit Bank, Rosbank, Raiffeisenbank, Promsvyazbank, NOMOS-Bank, Transcreditbank, Uralsib, MDM Bank, Bank St. Petersburg, Citibank, Ak Bars. Among the large banks in Russia one can also highlight Svyaz-Bank, Nordea-Bank, Khanty-Mansiysk Bank, Russian Standard, Moscow Credit Bank. The top 10 banks in Russia account for 60% of all assets of the Russian banking system, and the top 20 banks account for 70% of the size of the banking system. As of September 12, 2012, there were 901 commercial banks operating in Russia. Thus, the remaining banks account for only 30% of the Russian banking system.

Foreign banks in Russia have the opportunity to operate only through the creation of a legal entity under the laws of the Russian Federation and obtaining a banking license from the Central Bank, or by purchasing (a share in the authorized capital) of a bank operating in Russia.

A complete list of operating commercial banks in Russia as of the beginning of 2013 is contained in Appendix A (the list of banks in Russia is arranged alphabetically). Banks are actively represented on the Internet; almost all banks in the Russian Federation have official websites, and some banks have several websites at the same time. However, 41 Russian bank does not have its own resource on the Internet. Russian banks often have similar names, while the most popular word for inclusion in the name of a bank is “credit”, “credit” and words formed on their basis: there are 50 such commercial banks in Russia. Banks that have in their under the name “investment” or “invest” (48 banks). 44 commercial banks use the word “industrial” or the abbreviation “industrial” in their names, 29 banks use the words “financial”, “finance” and 20 banks have the word “capital” in their names.

commercial banks (32.4%) operate in the form of a Company with limited liability, the remaining banks chose the most suitable organizational and legal form in the form of a joint stock company.

of Russian banks (that is, more than 50%) are registered in Moscow, moreover, many regional banks have their branches in Moscow. The most complete list of banking operations can be carried out by 152 banks (about 17%), this is how many commercial banks have a General License to carry out banking operations along with a License to attract deposits and place precious metals. A similar volume of transactions can be carried out by banks that have a License to carry out banking operations with funds in rubles and foreign currency, a License to attract deposits of individuals' funds in rubles and foreign currency and a License to attract deposits and place precious metals: such banks in the banking system of the Russian Federation there are 50. The narrowest license is held by 12 banks - such banks can carry out transactions only in rubles and do not have the right to attract funds from individuals. 208 banks have the right to work with precious metals.

Commercial banks are not homogeneous in their activities; they can be grouped according to the nature of their economic activities:

Issuing is a bank that issues banknotes and banknotes. It is the regulator and center of the banking system. Today the Central Bank acts as an issuing bank. commercial banks with their inherent activities. specialized banking institutions (savings, investment, mortgage, etc.) can carry out operations to issue loans for a specific type of activity, for example, foreign economic activity.

In their activities, commercial banks rely on the following principles:

Receiving a profit. A bank is a commercial enterprise based on making a profit (the difference is between interest on loans and deposits);

the principle of speculativeness - the bank buys resources cheaper than it subsequently sells them, therefore, interest on deposits will always be lower than on loans, and the selling rate of currency is higher than its purchasing rate, also with securities: the selling rate of a security is higher than its purchasing rate ;

effective return of all resources - in addition to its main operations, a commercial bank (lending and raising money), tries to increase profits by performing additional operations to maximize profits. IN in this case The bank has the right to enter into an agreement with organizations to perform any work, for example, conducting factoring operations (organizational accounting), which will provide additional profit. - the principle of “everything for the client” - the wider the client service base, the more bank will be able to place funds and, accordingly, receive more profit, therefore it regularly conducts advertising to attract customers.

the principle of mutual interest with partners - banks, how commercial structures support each other mutually beneficial relationship, this allows you to reduce costs and increase financial stability. An example is interbank lending, the creation of customer creditworthiness databases and the introduction credit histories clients.

The main goal of every commercial bank is to obtain and increase profits. It consists of the difference between interest on loans granted and interest on deposits. Naturally, interest rates on loans are significantly higher than interest rates on deposits. In addition, many commercial organizations charge banking commissions from clients, which are also components of banking profits. Also, a significant item of income for a commercial bank includes penalties and fines for late payments on loans provided.

Credit banks can provide their clients with a number of services:

-issuing loans to the population (consumer loans, housing loans, car loans), organizations and individual entrepreneurs;

-carrying out operations on deposits and deposits of individuals and legal entities;

-banking operations with foreign currency;

-conducting operations with precious stones and metals, as well as with securities;

-removal and exchange of damaged banknotes for new ones;

-purchase and sale of foreign currencies;

-operations for registration of leasing transactions;

-and etc.

Commercial operations of banks are expressed:

in mediation in the provision of credit resources to business entities;

in the implementation of mediation in payments, in settlements between business entities;

in connection with the formation of the stock market, they participate in transactions with securities, they are allowed to issue securities;

Having extensive economic information, commercial banks advise clients on strategies for effective financial development;

carry out the purchase and issuance of loans against bills of exchange.

Commercial banks are systematically expanding the scope and forms of their economic activities. Recently, factoring, leasing, consulting, and trust operations have become widespread.

In its most general form, factoring is the provision of commission and commercial settlements between counterparties. The bank pays the debt of its client, who subsequently pays the bank, which eliminates the gap in the resulting chain of non-payments. These can be deferred payments: for goods, works, services. This form of work allows some legal entities to receive goods with deferred payment, and others to accumulate working capital without freezing them for a long period. Immediately after the financial and economic crisis broke out in the world, the number of people wishing to enter into a factoring agreement decreased significantly. Banks, trying to protect themselves from insolvent debtors, set very high interest rates on the transaction amount, which sometimes reached 40 per year. Product suppliers were faced with a sharp collapse in prices, and therefore they did not want to give the lion's share of their meager profits to financial institutions.

Consulting (consulting) operations are professional research and development services in the field of economics and management provided by commercial banks and independent consulting firms to enterprises, organizations and government bodies. Consulting (from the English consulting - consulting) is an intellectual service, their task is to assist clients in a particular area of activity. Moreover, consulting is not education, not mentoring, not training. The consultant's task is to assist the client in solving a specific problem at a given time and in a given area of activity. Counseling does not involve active feedback between the counselor and the counselee. The consultant gives away his knowledge, but does not require the client to assimilate it. That is, the client, purchasing consulting services for a fee, uses the intellectual property of the consultant, his experience, analytical capabilities, and so on. Consulting services can also be provided in the field of attracting loans. In this case, consultants provide a full range of services to find a suitable source of financing before organizing the receipt of this investment. The client receives complete information about how best to provide for his financial needs, who would be an ideal investor for him, and how to organize the receipt of financing.

The client can obtain all this information on his own, but in this case he will have to do a lot of work, in particular:

-get acquainted with all possible lending methods in this region;

-analyze the client’s financial condition, his needs and capabilities;

-choose the optimal financing package. there may be several sources of financing;

-prepare a package of documents necessary to receive investments and present it to investors.

Obviously, the services of consultants in this case will help save a lot of time and, ultimately, money.

Trust (trust) operations are reduced to the performance by commercial banks of services in the interests and on behalf of clients as a trustee. commercial banks issue shares and bonds, carry out their subsequent placement, and manage part of the funds received on this basis. In foreign practice, trust operations mean operations to manage property and perform other services on behalf of and in the interests of the client as his trustee.

In the domestic literature, a trust is characterized as a special form of property management that determines the rights to transferred property, to the distribution of profits received as a result of this management, and is a relationship between the trust founder, manager and beneficiary. The founder of a trust (or its founder) is an individual or legal entity who founded the trust and (or) transferred certain property to it. The administrator of a trust is the person appointed by the founder to manage such property. “Property” can be not only property or property rights, but also cash, shares and other securities, which makes it possible to concentrate a large number of small deposits in order to invest them in the most profitable projects. The obligations and rights of the trust administrator are determined by law or the trust agreement. The person in whose favor the trust agreement is concluded is called the beneficiary. It can be either a third party or the founder himself.

The functions of trust departments of commercial banks include three large groups of operations:

disposing of clients' inheritance under a will;

performing operations under a power of attorney and in connection with guardianship;

agency services.

If commercial banks were only involved in organizing cash transactions, storing savings and issuing loans, then they would not fulfill the key role that they play in the modern economy. Banks are able, without printing money, to increase the money supply and thereby regulate the economic life of the country. The meaning of the ongoing processes is that cash deposits from banks are not withdrawn simultaneously. If there is a certain, legally established reserve fund, the money in the bank is put into circulation, i.e. actually a credit issue is carried out.

Credit emission consists of the bank increasing the money supply by creating new checking (current) accounts for those clients who received loans from it and do not take them in cash, agreeing to spend their future expenses in non-cash form. Types of credit money can be checks, bills, deposits, and electronic money. Credit emission does not have a negative impact on the economic life of the country, due to the fact that it has clear limits, which are determined by the amount of reserve requirements of the Central Bank. The entire diverse volume of active and passive operations of commercial banks is expressed in their income and expenses. The assets of commercial banks are any property of the bank that is at its direct and unlimited disposal and at the same time has a clear cash equivalent. Simply put, banks' assets usually refer to all their property that can be valued from a monetary point of view. There are four main types of assets of commercial banks:

-cash (all funds available in the accounts of a banking institution);

-bank loans (obligations that those of its clients have to the bank to whom loans were issued on certain conditions - that is, potential money, the rights to which belong to the bank, but at the moment do not have a specific cash expression);

-investments (most often investments are made in securities of private and public companies, as well as in government securities);

-real estate.

The assets of commercial banks are usually divided based on several criteria. If we consider them from the point of view of liquidity (that is, the ability to quickly find a buyer and generate income), it turns out that cash has average liquidity, real estate can be classified as illiquid assets, and a high degree of liquidity is inherent in loans and investments. If assets are assessed by reliability, it will be found that loans and investments are high risk (may not bring income or lead to losses), while real estate and cash are practically devoid of risk. Finally, the assets of commercial banks can be distinguished as income-generating (investment transactions, loans, deposit transactions, and the like) and non-income-generating (cash and real estate).

Bank liabilities play an equally important role in the implementation of banking activities. The fact is that the liabilities of commercial banks mean so-called passive operations, that is, operations that are aimed at generating bank resources in various ways from various sources. And in fairness, it is worth noting that, in general, assets in relation to liabilities in banking are of a secondary nature - initially, to organize a banking institution, it is necessary to carry out operations to attract funds from external sources (that is, liabilities) in order to create equity capital on their basis , having a monetary value (that is, those same assets). Passive operations of banks form the resources of banks and are divided into:

-formation of the bank’s own capital through the primary issue (issue) of securities;

-accepting deposits (bank deposits) from individuals and legal entities;

-deductions from bank profits to increase equity capital and funds;

-obtaining loans from other banking institutions and other credit structures, including government ones.

Passive operations allow banks to attract funds in circulation and thus represent their credit potential, formed by their own and borrowed funds. Own funds consist of share capital (authorized fund formed through the issue and placement of securities), reserve capital (deductions from profits in case of unplanned losses and unfavorable changes in the stock market) and retained earnings (remaining after payment of dividends and replenishment of reserve capital) . Funds raised from various sources (deposits, loans, etc.) are valuable because they provide the vast majority (up to 90%) of active banking operations - in particular, almost all credit operations are carried out at their expense.

The main income items of commercial banks are:

-interest on loan;

-dividends on shares and shares;

-commission payments, etc.

Banks' costs are reduced to accrued and paid interest, allocations for the maintenance of the administrative and managerial apparatus, depreciation charges, and operating expenses. The excess of income over expenses constitutes bank profit (spread), of which more than 55% is paid to the state. The bulk of the remaining profit is used to create reserve and other funds, as well as for current commercial activities.

commercial bank credit trust

Conclusion

Based on the above material, the following conclusions can be drawn.

A commercial bank is non-governmental organization, the main function of which is to meet the needs of legal entities and individuals of the country in order to obtain their own benefit.

Promising directions for the development of the banking system in Russia, taking into account the experience of Western countries, may be: universalization of banking activities, simplification of its two-level organizational structure, centralization of the network, creation of an integrated automated system management of banking operations.

Overcoming negative processes in the economy will largely have to be determined by measures to resolve the current banking crisis. At the same time, urgent actions aimed at creating viable banking institutions, restoring confidence in the domestic and global banking system and attracting savings from the population on this basis are of particular importance.

The active activities of commercial banks in our country are expanding; they are increasingly beginning to perform new functions for themselves, adopting mainly the experience of large foreign banks.

During the course work, the place of commercial banks in the modern banking system was considered; the existing types of commercial banks are listed; The areas of activity of commercial banks have been studied.

Thus, all the assigned tasks were completed and, as a result of their implementation, the types and areas of activity of commercial banks were investigated, which was the purpose of the course work.

Glossary

Consulting - consulting manufacturers, sellers, buyers in the field of technological, technical, expert activities.

Leasing - type investment activities for the acquisition of property and its transfer on the basis of a leasing agreement to individuals or legal entities for a fee, for a period and under certain conditions, with the right to purchase the property by the lessee

Leasing payments - amounts of payments to the lessor from the lessee for the possession and use of property provided/received under a leasing agreement

Solvency is the ability (possibility) and readiness (desire) of a legal entity or individual in a timely manner and in in full repay your monetary obligations(debts)

Settlement - the process of determining the size of the buyer's obligation (debt) to the seller or the size of the mutual obligations of the parties to the transaction (transactions), including the settlement of claims arising during such a process

Factoring operations - the bank purchases supplier invoices for shipped products and obtains the right to demand payment from the buyer of the products

A check is a security document containing an unconditional order from the drawer to the bank to pay the amount specified in it to the bearer of the check (check holder)

Issue of securities - statutory sequence of actions of the issuer placing issue-grade securities

List of sources used

Federal Law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 “On Banks and Banking Activities” with amendments and additions. - M.: Norma, 2012

Federal Law of May 17, 2007 No. 82-FZ “On the Development Bank” - M.: Norma, 2008

Abramova T. M. Business and banks. - Rostov-n/D.: Phoenix, 2010

Gorbachev N.I. Factors of sustainable development of Russian regions. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009

Gradov A.P. Economic strategy companies. - St. Petersburg: Special literature, 2008

Dorofeeva A. Banks have collected a harvest of deposits // Kommersant, No. 20 (3837) dated 02/08/2008

Kanaev A.V. Banking activities in the field of the theory of financial intermediation: traditions and innovations // Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University, 2009, No. 3

Kaurova N. N. Trends and prospects for the development of commercial banks in Russia // Bank retail, 2009, № 2

Kravtsova G.I., Vasilenko N.K., Kozlova I.K. Organization of the activities of a commercial bank. - M.: Finstatinform, 2009

Milyukov A.I. Banking system of Russia: quality of banking activities and management // Money and Credit, No. 5, 2010

Molchanov A.V. Commercial bank in modern Russia: theory and practice. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2013

Nosko A.P. Active operations of commercial banks. - M.: Consultbanker, 2009

Solntsev O. M. Sources of growth of credit resources // Expert, 2012, No. 38

Spitsyn I. O., Spitsyn Ya. O. Marketing in the bank. - St. Petersburg: North-West, 2012

Tavasiev A.M. Banking: management of a credit institution. - M.: Dashkov and K°, 2011

Usoskin V. M. Modern commercial bank. Management and Operations. - M.: Infra-M, 2008

Utkin E. A. Banking in Russia. - M.: Business and service, 2011

Fetisov G.G. Assessing the financial stability of a commercial bank // Accounting and Banks, 2004, No. 10

Khamitov K.I. The formation of the modern banking system in Russia. // Questions economic sciences, 2010, № 4

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Course work

Discipline: Money, credit, banks

Topic: Commercial banks, their types and main areas of activity

Female students:

Kosolapova Olga Yurievna

Introduction

1. Structure of commercial banks

1.1 Regulatory and legal framework for the activities of commercial banks

1.2 Organizational and legal aspects

2. Types and functions of commercial banks

2.1 Types of commercial banks

2.2 Functions of commercial banks

3. Main activities of commercial banks

3.1 Passive operations of commercial banks

3.2 Active operations of commercial banks

3.3 Commission banking transactions

Conclusion

Glossary

List of sources used

Introduction

The banking system is one of the most important and integral structures of a market economy. Banks, by conducting cash settlements, lending to the economy, and acting as intermediaries in the redistribution of capital, significantly increase the overall efficiency of production and contribute to the growth of social labor productivity.

A bank is an organization created to attract funds and place them on its own behalf on the terms of repayment, payment and urgency.

The main purpose of the bank is to mediate the movement of funds from lenders to borrowers and from sellers to buyers. Along with banks, the movement of funds in the markets is carried out by other financial and credit institutions: investment funds, Insurance companies, brokerage, dealer firms, etc. Banks, as subjects of financial risk, have two significant characteristics that distinguish them from all other subjects.

1. banks are characterized by a double exchange of debt obligations: they place their own debt obligations (deposits, certificates of deposit, savings certificates etc.), and the funds mobilized on this basis are placed in debt obligations and securities issued by others. This distinguishes banks from financial brokers and dealers, who operate in the financial market without issuing their own debt.

2. banks are distinguished by accepting unconditional obligations with a fixed amount of debt to legal entities and individuals, for example: when placing client funds in accounts and deposits, when issuing certificates of deposit, etc. This distinguishes banks from various investment funds that mobilize resources by issuing their own shares. Obligations fixed in terms of the amount of debt carry the greatest risk for intermediaries (banks), since they must be paid in full regardless of market conditions, while investment company(the fund) distributes all risks associated with changes in the value of its assets and liabilities among its shareholders.

The practical role of the modern banking system is determined by the state’s management of the payment and settlement system, and also carries out most of its commercial transactions through deposits, investments and credit operations; Along with other financial intermediaries, banks direct household savings to firms and production structures.

Commercial banks, acting in accordance with the monetary policy of the state, regulate the movement of cash flows, affecting the speed of their turnover, emission, total mass, including the amount of cash in circulation. Stabilizing the growth of the money supply is the key to reducing inflation rates, ensuring the constancy of the price level, upon reaching which market relations affect the national economy.

The modern banking system is a sphere of diverse services to its clients - from traditional deposit and loan cash transactions, defining the basis of banking, to the latest forms of monetary and credit financial instruments used by banking structures (leasing, factoring, trust, etc.). Today, in conditions of developed commodity and financial markets, the structure of the banking system is becoming dramatically more complicated. New types of financial institutions, new credit institutions, tools and methods of serving clients are emerging.

The efficiency of commercial banks largely depends on its structure. A properly formed organizational structure of a bank, compliance with the direction of its activities and development strategy should remain quite flexible, taking into account existing external and internal factors.

The banking sector is one of the most important areas for the development of market relations, which is the basis for the normal, effective functioning of the market mechanism.

This topic is relevant, since a commercial bank is the main element of the banking system. The operation of the credit and financial mechanism determines the level of development of the country's economy as a whole.

The purpose of the work is to understand the very concept of the commercial banking system, the types of commercial banks and the main areas of activity.

1 . Structure of commercial banks

1.1 Regulatory framework for the activities of commercial banks

Commercial banks of the Russian Federation are legal entities and are subject to mandatory state registration. Registration is carried out by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation maintains the Book of State Registration of Credit Institutions, which records information on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of credit institutions and their branches. It issues licenses to commercial banks. The activities of commercial banks in Russia are regulated Civil Code Russian Federation, Federal Law of June 10, 2002 No. 86-FZ “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” (as amended), Federal Law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 “On Banks and Banking Activities” "(as amended), Federal Law dated February 25, 1999 No. 40-FZ "On the insolvency (bankruptcy) of credit organizations" (as amended), and Law of the Russian Federation dated December 10, 2003 No. 173-FZ "On currency regulation and currency control" (as amended) and other regulatory legal acts.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation defines legal status banks as economic entities engaged in business activities, establishes the procedure for their exercise of property rights, regulates their contractual and other obligations.

The Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” establishes the principles of its relationship with credit organizations, defines the powers of the Bank of Russia to intervene in the activities of credit organizations in situations that threaten the legitimate interests of depositors, as well as its powers to apply sanctions to credit organizations for violation of the requirements of legislation and regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The latter are mandatory documents for credit institutions that they must follow in their activities. Regulatory acts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation are brought to the attention of credit institutions in the form of instructions, regulations and instructions containing the establishment, amendment or cancellation of permanent or temporary regulations.

The Federal Law “On the Insolvency (Bankruptcy) of Credit Institutions” establishes the procedure and conditions for taking measures to prevent the insolvency of credit organizations, the specifics of the grounds for declaring them bankrupt and the implementation of this procedure.

The Law of the Russian Federation “On Currency Regulation and Currency Control” vests commercial banks that have received a license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to conduct currency transactions with the powers of agents currency regulation and currency control and establishes the procedure for conducting currency transactions.

In the Russian Federation, commercial banks (and other credit organizations) can be formed in the form of business companies: open joint-stock company (hereinafter referred to as OJSC); closed joint stock company (hereinafter CJSC); limited liability companies (hereinafter LLC); additional liability companies (hereinafter referred to as ALC).

Regulation of the activities of commercial banks is supplemented by the provisions of the Federal Law of December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ “On Joint-Stock Companies” (as amended on March 21, 2002), Federal Law of February 8, 1998 No. 14-FZ “On Companies with limited liability" (as amended on March 21, 2002). The authorized capital (hereinafter referred to as the authorized capital) of a commercial bank formed in the form of a joint-stock company is formed through the placement of its shares. Shareholders are liable for the bank's obligations only to the extent of the value of the shares they own. Among bank shareholders, a distinction should be made between founders and other participants. Founders are considered to be legal entities and individuals who have made decisions to establish a bank, are involved in its organization and have the necessary funds to form its authorized capital.

If the bank is an open joint-stock company, then the number of its shareholders is not limited; if it is a closed joint stock company, the number of its shareholders cannot be more than 50.

Banks formed in the form of an open joint-stock company have the right to conduct an open subscription for the shares they issue (i.e., place them among any interested persons), and shareholders have the right to resell their shares to other persons without the consent of the founders and other shareholders. However, banks in the form of OJSC are allowed to conduct a closed subscription (this possibility must be provided for by the charter). In this case, the newly issued shares are distributed only among its founders or a predetermined circle of persons.

Banks formed in the form of a closed joint stock company do not have the right to conduct an open subscription for the shares they issue. They are always distributed only among the founders of the closed joint-stock company or a predetermined circle of persons, and shareholders can resell their shares primarily only to other shareholders. These shares can be sold to a person who is not a member of the bank only with the consent of other shareholders and the bank’s refusal to buy them back.

Banks created in the form of limited liability and additional liability companies cannot issue their shares. Their authorized capital formed by one or more persons by making deposits (shares) in cash or in kind(in the form of buildings, premises, etc.). The share of each person in the authorized capital is determined by the constituent documents. The liability of persons who contributed to the authorized capital of a bank formed in the form of an LLC for its obligations is limited to the value of the contributions made. The liability of persons who contributed to the authorized capital of a bank formed in the form of an ALC for its obligations is somewhat higher. They are responsible not only for the value of their deposits, but also for their property in the same multiple of the value of their deposits for all depositors. Organizational legal form ODO is more suitable for credit organizations such as credit unions, mutual lending societies, etc.

When forming the authorized capital of a bank, which is created in any organizational and legal form, the use of funds from budgets of all levels, state off-budget funds and funds managed federal bodies state power is allowed only on the basis of special legislative acts.

The general meeting of the bank’s founders makes a decision on the establishment of the bank, elects a board of directors (supervisory board), approves candidates for the positions of heads of the bank’s executive bodies and chief accountant, as well as a business plan and income and expense plan for a period of 3-5 years and adopts the main constituent bank document - charter. The charter determines the organizational and legal form of the bank being created, its official name and location, the procedure for forming the management company and the procedure for managing the bank’s activities, the list of operations that the bank intends to carry out, the procedure for its liquidation and reorganization. If a bank is created in the form of an OJSC or CJSC, then, in addition to the charter, they make a decision on the issue of its shares (the procedure for registering the issue of shares of credit organizations is established by Federal Law No. 39-FZ of April 22, 1996 “On the Securities Market” (as amended ) And regulations Central Bank of the Russian Federation).

If the bank is created in the form of an LLC or ODO, then, in addition to the charter, a founders’ agreement is adopted, which determines the composition of the founders, the size of the charter capital, the share of each founder in the charter capital, the procedure and timing for making contributions to the charter capital, the procedure for distributing profits between the founders and other participants, the procedure for their withdrawal from the credit institution.

After general meeting the founders send to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation an application requesting state registration of the bank and issuing a license to carry out banking operations, to which are attached the minutes of the general meeting of the founders, all documents adopted at this meeting, the conclusion of the audit organization on the stable financial position of the founders and a certificate of payment state duty for registering a credit organization. Having considered the submitted documents, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation makes a decision on the possibility of state registration of the bank. Upon acceptance positive decision he enters information about the new bank into the Book of State Registration of Credit Institutions, issues a registration certificate to the founders and opens a correspondent account for the bank for payment of the authorized capital by the founders. Payment of 100% of the declared authorized capital must be made within one month after receiving the registration certificate.

After payment of the authorized capital, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issues a license to the bank to carry out banking activities, which specifies the banking operations that the bank has the right to conduct and the currency in which these operations can be performed. A newly created bank may be issued a license to carry out banking operations only in rubles or in both rubles and foreign currency, but in any case without the right to attract deposits from individuals. Obtaining a license to attract deposits from individuals in rubles and foreign currency is possible only after two years from the date of state registration. In the future, banks can receive licenses that expand the range of operations they perform, and, finally, a general license. A general license is issued to banks that have licenses to carry out all banking operations in rubles and foreign currency. Banks that have received a general license have the right, in accordance with the established procedure, to open branches abroad and acquire shares in the authorized capital of non-resident banks.

Termination of a bank's activities occurs through its reorganization or liquidation. Reorganization refers to the merger, accession, spin-off, division or transformation of a bank. His rights and obligations after the reorganization pass to his legal successors. At the same time, the necessary clarifications are made to the Book of State Registration of Credit Institutions and to the charter of the reorganized bank.

Liquidation of a bank can be carried out voluntarily or compulsorily. Voluntary liquidation is carried out by decision of the general meeting of founders and only after the bank has fulfilled all obligations to depositors. Forced liquidation is carried out by decision of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to revoke a bank’s license for violating banking legislation or in connection with its insolvency and decision arbitration court about declaring him bankrupt.

The highest governing body of a bank (regardless of its organizational and legal form) is the general meeting of participants (i.e. shareholders or shareholders), which is convened at least once a year. At the general meeting of participants, the following issues are resolved: introducing amendments and additions to the bank’s charter; clarification of the size of the bank’s authorized capital (i.e., its decrease or increase is recorded); decide on the reorganization or liquidation of the bank; election of the bank's audit commission and approval of the bank's auditor; election of the board of directors (supervisory board) of the bank; consideration of the reports provided by the board of directors: the bank’s annual report, balance sheet, profit and loss statement; decide on the distribution of bank profits.

The board of directors (supervisory board) of a bank is a body authorized by the general meeting of participants to exercise strategic management of the bank’s activities. The Board of Directors sets priority directions in the bank’s activities, credit and investment policies (a special credit committee can be created for this purpose); plans income, expenses and profit of the bank; approves its internal documents; makes decisions on opening and closing branches and representative offices of the bank, participation in other organizations; determines the structure and number of employees, standards for remuneration of their labor and expenses for the maintenance and development of the bank. The Board of Directors meets at least once a quarter; must consist of at least seven members. The Board of Directors ensures the convening of regular and extraordinary general meetings of participants (shareholders, shareholders), approves the agenda and prepares materials for their conduct. The work of the board of directors is organized by a chairman selected from among the members of the board of directors.

To carry out the current management of the bank’s activities, in accordance with the charter and regulations of the board of directors, an executive collegial body is formed - the board of the bank, headed by general director(president, chairman of the board). This body, whose meetings are held regularly, is called upon to carry out the decisions of the general meeting of participants and the board of directors, carry out transactions on its behalf, issue orders and give instructions that are binding on all bank employees, approve staff, and resolve all other issues, except those belong to the exclusive competence of the general meeting of participants or the board of directors.

The general director (president) of the bank can exercise leadership current activities bank and individually (i.e. in the absence of a collegial board) on the basis of an agreement concluded with him by the chairman of the board of directors.

The management of the current activities of a bank branch is carried out by the branch manager. The opening of all branches must be reflected in the bank's charter indicating their legal addresses.

Organizational structure commercial bank is represented by:

I. Services:

1. HR department (selects and places personnel, organizes their training, advanced training, etc.);

2. legal department (develops and makes changes to regulations, draws up contracts, conducts bank affairs in judicial and administrative institutions, etc.);

3. administrative and economic department (dealt with the acquisition, repair and sale of buildings, structures and equipment of the bank);

4. automation department (organizes the bank’s computer systems and the execution of electronic payments, develops and organizes programs for equipping the bank with electronic computing and office equipment, develops software for departments and departments of the bank);

5. security service (ensures the security of the bank and its employees, checks large depositors and borrowers).

II. departments, which include several departments. The number of departments and departments included in them depends on the size of the bank and the variety of operations and services it provides. IN large banks The following controls usually function:

1. management of planning and development of the bank’s activities - ensures the liquidity, profitability and reliability of the bank, is engaged in identifying specific tasks for the bank’s departments and ways to improve the bank’s activities, developing balance sheets, accumulating and analyzing statistical information, taking into account various performance indicators, etc. The planning and development department of the bank includes the department for organizing banking activities and managing bank liquidity, the department for economic analysis and the department for marketing and customer relations.

2. management of deposit operations - designed to attract, account and analyze funds of legal entities and individuals in deposits. The structure may include a department for deposit operations with legal entities, which is engaged in concluding agreements for the deposit of funds of legal entities and accounting for such deposits by type and maturity, as well as a department for deposit operations with individuals. There may be another distinction - the department of deposit operations in rubles and the department of deposit operations in foreign currency.

3. securities management - intended to attract resources by placing the bank’s own securities, investing bank resources in securities of other issuers, accounting and rediscounting bills. This department includes a fund department, an investment department, and a bill of exchange department.

4. credit management- the central link in the implementation of active bank operations, intended for organizing lending to enterprises, other banks and the population. Due to the wide range of loans issued, this department may include the following departments: short-term lending, long-term lending, personal lending, leasing, etc.

5. currency management - intended for the implementation and analysis of foreign exchange transactions. The structure may include a department for maintaining foreign currency accounts and international payments, a department for non-trading foreign exchange transactions, and a department for foreign correspondent accounts (“LORO”, “NOSTRO”).

6. management of commission transactions. This department includes a trust department dealing with trust management property entrusted to the bank, as well as providing mediation in the purchase and sale of any valuables of clients; department of guarantee operations and banking services; consulting department.

7. accounting and operational management - deals with the organization of settlement and tax activities of the bank. It includes the operations department, tax operations department, settlement department, as well as bank accounting and collection.

8. management of depository operations - performs the functions of a depository for joint-stock companies.

1.2 Organizational and legal aspects

The success of a commercial bank is ensured by three interrelated factors: high yield (profitability), which creates the opportunity to pay dividends to the bank’s shareholders, increase its capital, create the necessary insurance reserves, development funds, etc.

Liquidity is the ability to quickly (without large losses of profitability or additional costs) convert its assets into means of payment for the timely repayment of its debt obligations.

Solvency is the ability to respond in due time and in full for one’s obligations to creditors - the state, banks, depositors, etc.

The basis of the “life activity” of a commercial bank is liquidity. It is especially important to take this situation into account when forming the prospects for banking policy, determining the goals and strategy of its activities in conditions of market uncertainty of demand for banking resources and cash flows to the bank.

The bank's liquidity is determined by assessing the liquidity of its balance sheet: the bank's balance sheet is considered liquid if the funds on the asset allow, through their rapid sale, to cover the urgent obligations on the liability. Active operations in terms of their economic significance in the bank’s activities can be characterized as follows:

1. In terms of profitability, these are operations that generate the greatest income.

2. In terms of liquidity level, these are operations that provide the possibility of using a certain asset as a means of payment or its rapid transformation into such. In the bank's balance sheet, the placement of asset types from top to bottom is based on the principles of a decreasing level of liquidity for each of them.

3. According to the degree of risk, these are operations for which there is a potential possibility of non-return of bank resources placed for profit.

When assessing the liquidity of a particular bank, one should take into account the liquidity of any asset, its potential profitability and the degree of risk associated with the probability of non-repayment bank funds for the corresponding active operation.

Ensuring bank liquidity is a complex and multifactorial task, the success of which determines the essence and content of the policy and activities of any commercial bank as an entrepreneurial structure in the banking system. For commercial banks, the difficulty lies, first of all, in the fact that the liquidity of the bank and its profitability are associated with an inversely proportional relationship: the higher the liquidity, the lower the profitability of the bank, and vice versa, and this contradicts the main business interest of the bank - making a profit.

For the state banking system as a whole, the importance and necessity of managing the liquidity of commercial banks is to ensure, through the regulatory functions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation:

Stability of the functioning of the banking system as a whole;

Protection of the interests of the state, investors and creditors;

Implementation of state monetary and financial policies.

2 Types and functions of commercial banks

2.1 Types of commercial banks

The term “Commercial Bank” arose in the early stages of the development of banking, when banks primarily served trade, barter transactions and payments. It denotes the “business” nature of the bank, its focus on servicing all types of business agents, regardless of their type of activity. Banks can be created on the basis of state, private and mixed forms of ownership.

A bank is a credit organization that has the exclusive right to carry out in aggregate the following banking operations: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities on deposit, placing these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts individuals and legal entities.

Commercial banks are divided by legal status into:

1. national (operate in accordance with federal laws and in mandatory are members of the Federal Reserve System as member banks);

2. full-time (they operate in accordance with the laws of individual states and are optionally included or not included in the Federal Reserve System).

Commercial banks also differ:

I. according to the ownership of the authorized capital and the method of its formation: banks can be created and exist in the form of joint-stock companies or limited liability companies with the participation of foreign capital, foreign banks.

II. by types of transactions performed:

1. universal,

2. specialized.

III - by territory of activity:

1. Federal;

2. not federal.

IV - maintenance various industries economy.

V - by presence of branches:

1. branch;

2. branchless

A significant proportion of commercial banks operating today are mixed versions of them.

The law provides for the creation of specialized commercial banks to finance federal, republican, regional and other programs. A large federal specialized commercial bank is the Bank for Labor Savings and Lending to the Population. (Sberbank of Russia). It carries out operations to attract funds from the population and place them.

2.2 Functions of commercial banks

The main functions of commercial banks are:

· mobilization of temporarily free funds and converting them into capital;

· lending to enterprises, the state and the population;

· issue of credit money;

· carrying out settlements and payments on the farm;

· emission and founding function;

· consulting, representation of economic and financial information. Performing the function of mobilizing temporarily free funds and converting them into capital, banks accumulate cash income and savings in the form of deposits. The depositor receives remuneration in the form of interest or services provided by the bank. Savings concentrated in deposits are converted into loan capital used by banks to provide loans to enterprises and entrepreneurs.

Important economic importance has the function of lending to enterprises, the state and the population. The bank acts as a financial intermediary, receiving funds from final lenders and giving them to final borrowers. Bank loans provide financing for industry, Agriculture, trade, expansion of production is ensured. Commercial banks provide loans to consumers to purchase durable goods, helping to improve their standard of living. Since government spending is not always covered by revenue, banks lend financial activities government.

Issuing credit money is a specific function that distinguishes commercial banks from other financial institutions. Commercial banks carry out deposit and credit issues, - money supply increases when banks make loans to their customers and decreases when those loans are repaid. Commercial banks are issuers of credit instruments of circulation. The loan provided to the client is credited to his bank account, i.e. the bank creates a deposit (demand deposit), and the bank's debt obligations increase. The owner of the deposit can receive cash from the bank in the amount of the deposit, as a result of which the amount of money in circulation increases. One of the functions of commercial banks is to provide a settlement and payment mechanism. Acting as intermediaries in payments, banks perform transactions for their clients related to settlements and payments. The issuing and founding function is carried out by commercial banks through the issue and placement of securities (shares, bonds). By performing this function, banks become a channel for channeling savings for production purposes.

3 . Main activities of commercial banks

3.1 Passive operations of commercial banks

Passive operations are bank operations that result in the formation of bank resources. The resources of commercial banks are formed from their own, borrowed and issued funds.

There are four forms of passive operations of commercial banks: primary issue of securities of a commercial bank; deductions from bank profits for the formation or increase of funds; receiving loans from other legal entities; deposit operations.

Passive operations allow banks to attract funds already in circulation. New resources are created by the banking system as a result of active credit operations.

Own resources Banks represent bank capital and items equivalent to it. Using their own resources, banks create the reserves they need. Own resources are the main source of investment in long-term assets.

Own funds include:

Share capital (or authorized capital of the bank) is created by issuing and placing shares.

Reserve capital or reserve fund banks - is formed from deductions from profits and is intended to cover unexpected losses and losses from falling securities prices.

Retained earnings are the portion of profits remaining after payment of dividends and contributions to the reserve fund.

Raised funds from banks cover over 90% of the total need for monetary resources to carry out active operations, primarily credit. These include deposits (deposits), current and correspondent accounts. Mobilizing temporarily available funds legal entities and individuals in the credit market, commercial banks, with their help, satisfy the national economy’s need for additional working capital, contribute to the transformation of money into capital, and meet the population’s needs for consumer credit.

Deposits are divided into deposits:

Demand deposits, as well as to current accounts, can be withdrawn by depositors upon request.

Time deposits are deposits made by bank clients for a certain period of time, on which increased interest is paid.

Savings deposits - made and withdrawn in full or in part and certified by the issuance of a savings book.

For banks, the most attractive are time deposits, which strengthen the liquidity position of banks.

Interbank loans are an important source of banking resources. Commercial banks receive loans from the Central Bank in the form of rediscounting and re-pledge of bills, through refinancing and in the form of pawn loans.

Current account is a single account through which all settlement and credit transactions are carried out between the client and the bank. In some periods this account is passive, in others it is active: if the client has funds, this account is passive, in their absence, when the client nevertheless issues a payment order to the bank or writes checks, this account is active. Interest accrues on both the debit and credit of a checking account, and on the debit, that is, on the debit balance of the corporation's account, more than on the credit balance. A loan on a current account is provided against the security of commercial bills or in the form of unsecured loans, i.e. loans without any collateral. Interest accrual on the debit of a current account can only be carried out within the credit limit - line of credit, which is determined in the agreement between the client and the bank (agreement on a credit line and cash settlement services).

3.2 Active operations of commercial banks

Banks use the mobilized funds to lend to clients and carry out their business activities. Operations related to the placement of banking resources are classified as active operations of banks. In the assets of banks, there are two most important groups of operations - credit (accounting and lending) and stock operations. Credit transactions can be classified according to a number of criteria.

1.Depending on the collateral, they differ: loans without collateral (blank); loans with collateral, which are divided into:

Bill loans are loans issued in the form of purchasing a bill of exchange or secured by a bill of exchange. Active bill operations of banks also include acceptance and aval operations. The acceptance operation consists in the fact that the bank grants the right to a reputable client to issue bills of exchange, which the bank accepts, that is, guarantees payment at its own expense on this bill, and the client using such an acceptance credit undertakes to deposit the appropriate amount for payment by the expiration of the bill of exchange to the bank bills. In the case of aval, payment on a bill is made directly by the drawer, and aval serves only as a guarantee of payment. The peculiarity of acceptance-aval operations is that they relate simultaneously to active and passive operations.

Commodity loans are loans secured by goods and documents of title.

Stock loans are loans secured by securities.

2. By repayment period: not having a specific period - on-call (repayable at the request of the borrower or bank); short-term (up to one year); medium-term (from one year to five years); long-term (over five years).

3. By the nature of repayment: repaid in a lump sum; repayable in installments.

4. According to the method of charging interest: interest is withheld at the time the loan is issued (when discounting a bill of exchange, when providing a consumer loan); interest is paid at the time of loan repayment or in equal installments throughout the loan term.

Banks' stock operations include a variety of operations with securities: purchase of securities for their own portfolio (investments); initial placement of newly issued securities among holders; purchase and sale of securities on the market on behalf of the client (servicing the secondary circulation of securities); loans against securities.

3.3 Commission banking transactions

Banks conduct commission transactions, that is, they carry out various orders of their clients at their expense.

A letter of credit transaction consists of the bank accepting an order from the client to make a payment to a third party (beneficiary), i.e. the person in whose favor the letter of credit is opened, either accept the beneficiary's bills of exchange, or make payment to the beneficiary, but only under certain conditions.

Collection operations are operations for banks to receive money for clients on their instructions and at their expense under various documents. Collection operations are carried out with checks, bills of exchange, commercial documents and securities. Factoring operations are classified as intermediary operations. The bank buys debt claims (invoices) of the client on the terms of immediate payment of 80% of the cost of invoiced supplies and payment of the rest, minus interest on the loan and commission payments, within strictly specified terms, regardless of the receipt of revenue from the debtors.

Trust transactions, which consist in the fact that the bank, on behalf of clients, undertakes the storage, transfer and management of certain property, expressed both in money and in securities. Trading and commission operations - purchase and sale on behalf of the client of precious metals and precious stones, purchase and sale of securities, etc.

Variety intermediary operations are trust operations of banks. The most common form of property ownership in developed countries market economy- availability of shares, bonds and cash. As the number of financial instruments and the amount financial assets commercial banks are expanding trust operations. Trust departments of banks are one of the most developed divisions of modern transnational banks.

structure function activity commercial bank

Conclusion

In the Russian Federation, all credit organizations banking type are divided into two types: banks themselves and credit institutions. By bank we mean commercial organization, which, based on a license from the Central Bank of Russia, provides the right to carry out certain banking operations, with the exception of monetary transactions with individuals. The name of credit institutions cannot use the term “bank” or derivatives from this term.

Banks have the right to create subsidiary banks and subsidiary credit institutions. A subsidiary bank (credit institution) in the Russian Federation is considered to be a bank (credit institution) in which the parent bank acquired more than 50% of the authorized capital at the expense of its profits, and this fact is reflected in its charter. Relations with the parent bank are regulated by the constituent agreement and the charter of the subsidiary bank (credit institution). In this case, the subsidiary bank (credit institution) is a legal entity and acts as an independent commercial organization. He has separate property, including own capital, bears responsibility for its obligations and has its own correspondent account in the cash settlement center of the Central Bank of Russia at its location.

Bank branches are considered to be separate structural units located outside its location and performing all or part of its functions. The branch is not a legal entity and carries out operations delegated to it by the head bank within the limits provided for by the license of the Central Bank of Russia. He concludes contracts and conducts other economic activity on behalf of the commercial bank that created it. The representative office is a separate division a commercial bank located outside its location, not having the rights of a legal entity and not having an independent balance sheet. It is created to ensure the bank’s representative functions, transactions and other legal actions. The representative office does not provide settlement and credit services to clients and does not have a correspondent sub-account. To implement business expenses a current account is opened for him.

Today, commercial banks are the main component of the credit and financial system of any country. Credit banking systems often have a two-tier structure - Central and commercial banks. Commercial banks occupy a dominant position in the loan capital market. The scale of their activities in the economy of a developed country is truly enormous. Today, a commercial bank is able to offer clients about 200 types of different banking products and services. There is a general trend towards specialization in more profitable operations.

It is simply impossible to cover the entire field of activity of modern commercial banks in one course work due to the strict established limit. This is a very huge area that requires more careful study from various perspectives.

Glossary

		Definition
		a financial enterprise that concentrates temporarily available funds (deposits), provides them for temporary use in the form of credits (loans, advances), mediates in mutual payments and settlements between enterprises, institutions or individuals, regulates monetary circulation in the country, including the issue of ( issue) of new money.
	Banking system	a set of different interconnected banks and other credit institutions operating within the framework of a single financial and credit mechanism.
	Credit organisation	in the broad sense of the word, it is understood as a legal entity that, in order to make a profit as the main goal of its activities, on the basis of a special permit (license) of the Bank of Russia, has the right to carry out banking operations provided for by law.
	Non-bank credit organization	This is a credit institution that has the right to carry out certain banking operations provided for by law.
	Credit organizations with foreign investments	resident credit organizations whose authorized capital is formed with the participation of non-resident funds, regardless of their share in the authorized capital.
	Passive operations of banks	refers to such operations of banks, as a result of which the formation of bank resources occurs.
	retained earnings	part of the profit remaining after payment of dividends and contributions to the reserve fund.
	Time deposits	These are deposits made by bank clients for a certain period of time, on which increased interest is paid.
	Certificates of deposit	this is a certificate of depositing a certain fairly large amount of money in a bank, which indicates the period for its mandatory repurchase by the bank and the amount of a certain premium paid at the same time.
	Contocorrent	a single account through which all settlement and credit transactions between the client and the bank are carried out.
	Bill loans	These are loans issued in the form of purchasing a bill of exchange or secured by a bill of exchange.
	Commodity loans	loans secured by goods and documents of title.
	Fund loans	loans secured by securities.
	Collection operations	These are operations for banks to receive money for clients on their instructions and at their expense under various documents.
		monetary unit of a country participating in international economic exchange and others international relations related to monetary transactions. Currency is used in the form of account entries, national banknotes, means of payment and credit settlement instruments: checks, drafts, transfers, etc.
		a special product that serves as a general equivalent in the exchange of goods, a form of value for all other goods. Money performs the following functions: measures of value, means of circulation, means of creating treasures, means of payment and world money.
		accumulated (total) amount of goods, property, assets used to generate profit, wealth.
	Commercial Bank	a legal entity that, on the basis of a license and current legislation granted the right to carry out banking operations on a commercial basis.

List of sources used

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2. Banking: Textbook for universities in the direction of “Economics”, specialty “Finance, credit and money circulation” / V.I. Kolesnikov, L.P. Krolivetskaya, N.G. Alexandrova and others; Under. ed. IN AND. Kolesnikova, L.P. Krolivetskaya. -4th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001.

3. Banking [Text]: Textbook / Ed. G.N. Beloglazova, L.P. Krolivetskaya. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2005.

4. Basuniya T. evolution of commercial banks in the Russian Federation // Banking. -2000

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6. Berdichevskaya N., Melnikov M. Problems of small commercial banks in conditions of financial instability // Bank. - 2003.

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8. Zakharov V.S. Problems of Russian commercial banks // Money and credit. - 2004.

9. Zakharov V.S. Regulation of the activities of commercial banks in Russia and their liquidity // Money and Credit. - 2001.

10. Yampolsky M.M. On the interpretation of credit // Money and credit. - 2002.

11. Banks and banking operations: Textbook for universities in the specialty “Finance and Credit” / E.F. Zhukov, L.M. Maksimova, O.M. Markova and others; Under. ed. E.F. Zhukova; All-Russian in absentia fin.-econ. int. - M.: Banks and exchanges: UNITY, 2000.

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