Assessment of country development by various international organizations

The United Nations Statistics Division, however, does not have strict rules for dividing countries into "developed" and "developing". These definitions serve only for greater convenience in collecting and processing statistical data and do not provide an assessment of the overall historical development of a country or region.

The UN has developed the Human Development Index, a system that includes several fundamental indicators for assessing a country’s development. Namely: level (gross national income, per capita income and others economic indicators), literacy level of the population, level of education and sophistication, average duration life in the country.

In addition to the UN, the IMF (International Monetary Fund) is involved in assessing the development of countries. Its criteria for assessing the development of a country or region are: per capita income, expanded range of exports, level of integration with the world financial system. If the lion's share of exports falls on one product, for example, then this product can no longer get first place in the IMF rankings.

The World Bank, created specifically for financial assistance and support for developing countries, divides all states into 4 categories based on income level with gross national income per capita. Measurements are carried out in US dollars.

Developing countries

Today, developing countries include such giants as the rapidly developing BRIC countries - Brazil, Russia, India and China. As well as countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, Africa.

Among them there is its own classification.
New industrial countries. They have more than 7% per year GDP growth due to cheap labor and successful geographical location, modernization of the economy and the use of new technologies. The following countries belong to this class: Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Chile, Cyprus, Tunisia, Turkey, Indonesia, Philippines, southern China.

Recently, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan, along with Cyprus, Malta and Slovenia, have come to be considered “developed countries”.

Oil producing countries. GDP per capita of these countries equal to GDP developed countries. But their one-sided economy does not allow them to be classified as developed countries.

Least developed countries. They have an outdated concept economic development, low GDP, low literacy, high mortality. These countries include most countries in Africa, Oceania and Latin America.

Countries with transition economy

Post-socialist camp of countries of Eastern Europe(Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia), as well as the Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), are difficult to classify as both developed and developing countries. For them and several other states, the term “countries with economies in transition” is used.

From a business point of view, developing countries are countries or nations with social or business interests that are in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. There are currently approximately 28 emerging economies in the world. Today, the economies of Brazil, China and India are considered the most developed in the world. According to the world's leading economists, the term " " has outlived its usefulness. However, the new term had not yet been coined. To create the right impression about these countries, this article will describe in detail 10 emerging economies.

Since 1978, when China became a liberalized country, its economy has managed to grow at a rapid pace and is now the fastest and most developed economy in the world. Currently, China has the second largest nominal GDP in the world, which is 34.06 trillion. yuan ($4.99 trillion). However, China's per capita income is only $3,700, which drops China to about 100th place in the world. Take a look at the 10 countries with the highest GDP levels.

Primary industry accounts for 10.6% of China's economy, secondary industry contributes 46.8%, and tertiary industry contributes 42.6%. China could be the second largest economy in the world after the United States if PPP (parity) purchasing power) was taken into account as part economic growth.In the company report Global Wealth Report It is predicted that in 2015 Japan will overtake China to become the second fastest growing economy in the world.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that India's GDP was about $1.3 trillion. This has allowed India to become the 11th largest economically developing country in the world today. And it does match India also for per capita income, which is $1000. When PPP (purchasing power parity) is taken into account, India's economy will be ranked as the 4th largest in the world.

India boasts of having the second largest workforce in the world at 467 million. India's agricultural sector accounts for 28% of the state's GDP. On the other hand, the service and industrial sectors of the economy accounted for approximately 54% and 18% respectively. The main plant products are:
rice,
cotton,
tea,
potato,
oilseeds,
sugar cane,
wheat.

The main industries in India are:

• oil refining,
• software development,
• textile products,
• cement,
• steel,
• mining.

The Russian economy is number 12 on the global list, according to nominal GDP, and is 7th largest country globally, according to purchasing power parity (PPP) rankings. Russia is considered a country with a market economy, as it is endowed with extensive natural resources. mineral resources such as oil and natural gas. Check out.

Economic growth in Russia was mainly driven by political stability and increased local consumption. By the end of 2008, economic growth in Russia was 7% per year. This can be attributed to non-trade services as well as increased domestic consumption. Oil and natural gas in Russia are mainly for export. The average salary in Russia is currently close to $1000 per month. This is significant progress, considering that not so long ago average salary was below $500.

Brazil's economy is currently the 8th largest in the world when measured by GDP and the 9th largest when measured in purchasing power parity (PPP). The economy is primarily driven by a relatively free market, and also inwardly oriented economy. In Latin America, Brazil is the largest economically developed country. With annual GDP growth of around 5%, Brazil is one of the fastest growing countries in the world.

Turkey's economy ranks 17th in the world when measured by the country's nominal GDP, and 15th when measured using purchasing power parity (PPP). Türkiye is a member of the G20 countries with the most developed and developing economies. The 1983 reforms, which were introduced at the initiative of the then Prime Minister, greatly contributed to the development of the Turkish economy.

Economic growth in Turkey was mainly enhanced by close ties with other developing countries, thereby ensuring a prosperous market where Turkey traded its products.

Today, Mexico's economy is 11th on the global list. After the 90s, Mexico's economy was driven by rapid developments in economics, technology, and public sphere. Currently, it is not only a country with a developing economy, but also one of the largest in the world.

GDP is 7.6% per year. Mexico's economy consists of industrial sector and the service sector, and there is also an increase in the privatization of enterprises.

Due to the rapid economic growth in Indonesia, Japan was able to upgrade Indonesia's credit rating from BB+ (non-investment grade; speculative bonds) to BBB ( average level reliability). Indonesia's economy was mainly driven by the government and is currently the largest economically developed country in Southeast Asia and a member of the G20 most advanced and emerging economies.

Indonesia's GDP is $539.7 billion. The main component of the country's economy is the services sector, which accounts for 45.3%. Industry and Agriculture contributes approximately 40.7% and 13% respectively. Surprisingly, the agriculture sector accounts for more jobs than any other industry (44.3%).

Unlike other countries in the world, Poland's economy has a high income and is one of the largest in the EU. IN Central Europe Poland has one of the fastest growing economies. The annual increase is approximately 6%. Of all the EU countries, Poland is the only one where a fall in GDP has not yet been recorded.

United United Arab Emirates, also the UAE, is a rapidly changing country with a rapidly developing economy. And it received such a definition based on such socio-economic indicators, for example, as GDP per capita, HDI (human development index) and energy consumption per capita.

Thailand is also considered an emerging economy that is heavily dependent on exports. EK makes up more than 2/3 of the country's GDP.

Every year, reports and analytical notes are compiled that allow us to assess the state of the global economy and regional markets. occupy a special place in such reports, since analysts monitor who, where, the sectors of production, industry, services, education, the army are actively reforming, or whether the problem of migrants has worsened.

Reports and analytical notes are compiled annually to assess the state of the global economy

The collected information is compared, since a particular organization includes different quantities participating countries, and their development (index) is assessed differently. There are general parameters, as well as specific ones, which is why there is a need to consolidate the data provided by such international organizations: IMF, UN, WB, etc.

Developed countries on the world map

The UN evaluates other aspects:

• Production of essential goods and services.
• Poverty level.
• How entrepreneurship develops.
• system social insurance, protection.
• State financial market.
• The situation of the banking system.
• Ecological problems.
• Trends in demographic and social spheres. Fertility and mortality.
• GDP level.
• Level of investment and lending to projects and various economic sectors.

All these indicators are necessary to get a complete and comprehensive picture for each region, to highlight the share of developing and capitalist countries in it, choosing the largest, industrially developed and quite promising ones.

Competitive countries of the world

Recently, IMF experts decided to identify another type - economically advanced countries. These powers include:

1. East Asian: Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong.
2. Cyprus.
3. North American: Canada and USA.
4. Western European: France, Britain, Italy, Germany.
5. Some and Central, who became.

The number of developing countries changes every year. If we consider economic characteristics countries of the world, then the focus of the economy, including industry, the presence of current knowledge-intensive areas, the level and quality of life of the population are taken into account.

Structure of developing countries

Within countries that are developing, you can make your own division. To determine individual groups, the criteria are:

• structure of productive forces and production;
• economic development prospects;
• economic relations within and outside countries;
• number of external and domestic debts;
• the presence or absence of inflationary growth/decline;
• conditions for the development of transnational corporations;
• the role played by small businesses in the formation of manufacturing and service industries.

Gold reserves in various countries

These parameters allow us to identify several types of countries with actively developing markets and economies:

1. "Asian tigers" of Eastern and Latin America.
2. Large and Asian countries that export oil and other minerals. Bahrain, Qatar, Libya, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates are engaged in oil exports. Since each of them has a favorable economic and geographical location, plays an important, almost key role in the market of energy resources and media, the population is not poor and can save money.
3. Developing countries where high the average size GDP per capita. For example, in Guatemala or Colombia there is 1 thousand US dollars per person.
4. , huge territories, large population: India, Indonesia, Pakistan. They develop thanks to investment projects from Europe and America. At the same time, other trends are observed: people often live below the poverty line, the GDP level is $300 per capita, and low rates of industrial development.
5. Poor countries in Africa and Asia, for example, Bangladesh, Benin, Somalia, Ethiopia, Afghanistan. Despite the provision of loans, material and technical assistance, these developing countries are struggling to overcome their backwardness. The economy has a clear agrarian character, with pre-industrial forms of labor predominant in production. Communications with the outside world are either absent or very poorly developed.

In 2020, the number of countries that fall into the “developing” category reached 132. All of them occupy a special place in the world economy and are differently connected with capitalist countries, the world economic system and the market. Because of this, in such states a multi-structured economy has long been formed, dependent on developed and advanced countries.

Watch the video: salaries in different countries of the world.

Characteristics of developing countries

• The standard of living of the population is very low.
• There is no middle class. Society is divided into the rich and the very poor. The incomes of the rich are many times greater than the incomes of ordinary citizens.
• There are no laws, so investors from abroad rarely invest their finances in the economies of countries.
• The financial, tax and banking systems are poorly developed.
• The control device does not work.
• Unemployment is constantly growing, so the population does not have a stable income.
• High birth and death rates.
• Small sizes and volumes of the domestic market.
• Dependence on the developed countries of the world, which gives rise to the constant accumulation of external debts.
• Presence of specific socio-economic problems.
• The economy is subject to ideology, religion and the political system.
• Communal interests prevail, which is why civil society is either just beginning to develop or is completely undeveloped.

Developing countries have scientific and technological potential, but it is weak, which is why they practically do not develop scientific directions, economics, production. At the same time, many states have huge reserves of natural resources.

Developing countries liberated themselves from colonial dependence in the sixties, therefore, socially, economically and political structure Negative factors are still observed:

1. Inability to independently cope with internal economic problems, which had previously been decided by the metropolitan countries.
2. There are no democratic institutions, which is why political culture is just beginning to develop. The country's leaders in their rule rely not on various bodies and institutions, but on the army and police.
3. Corruption and bribery are widespread.
4. Constant wars, interethnic conflicts.
5. Formation of self-isolation economic model centralized type. It is not market-oriented and does not take into account the characteristics of the global economy, its trends and key changes.

Corruption index in various countries

In many ways, a similar situation in third world countries is due to the fact that in the eighties the Soviet Union and the CMEA states invested money in the construction of metallurgy and heavy industry facilities. Features were not taken into account geographical location developing countries and their specifics. Therefore, an imbalance arose in them, and economies became completely dependent on developed countries.

Kofi Annan, who was UN Secretary-General from 1997 to 2006, defined a developed country as one that enables its citizens to live and enjoy life in security environment. Accordingly, the picture looks somewhat different for developing countries and their residents.

Assessment of the development of countries by various international organizations The United Nations Statistics Division, however, has not established strict rules for dividing countries into “developed” and “developing”. These definitions serve only for greater convenience in collecting and processing statistical data and do not provide an assessment of the overall historical development of a country or region. The UN has developed the Human Development Index, a system that includes several fundamental indicators for assessing a country’s development. Namely: standard of living (gross national income, per capita income and other economic indicators), literacy level of the population, level of education and attainment, average life expectancy in the country. In addition to the UN, the IMF (International Monetary Fund) is involved in assessing the development of countries. Its criteria for assessing the development of a country or region are: per capita income, expanded range of exports, level of integration with the global financial system. If the lion's share of exports falls on one product - for example, oil, then this country can no longer get first place in the IMF ranking. The World Bank, created specifically for financial assistance and support to developing countries, divides all countries into 4 categories based on income level with gross national income per capita. Measurements are carried out in US dollars. Developing countriesToday, developing countries include such giants as the rapidly developing BRIC countries - Brazil, Russia, India and China. And also the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, Africa. Among them there is their own classification.
New industrial countries. They have more than 7% annual GDP growth due to cheap labor and favorable geographical location, modernization of the economy and the use of new technologies. The following countries belong to this class: Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Chile, Cyprus, Tunisia, Turkey, Indonesia, Philippines, southern China. More recently, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan, along with Cyprus, Malta and Slovenia, began to be considered “developed countries.” Oil-producing countries. The per capita GDP of these countries is equal to the GDP of developed countries. But the one-sided economy does not allow them to be classified as developed countries. Least developed countries. They have an outdated concept of economic development, low GDP, low literacy, and high mortality. These countries include most countries in Africa, Oceania and Latin America. Countries with economies in transition The post-socialist camp of the countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia), as well as the Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), is difficult to classify as both developed and developing countries. For them and several other states, the term “countries with economies in transition” is used.

Asian countries are very different in terms of their level of development. This region is home to Japan, the second-largest country in the world (after the United States) in terms of economic potential. All sectors of the economy are well developed in the state, but the leaders are high-tech mechanical engineering and metalworking, electronics production, automobile and shipbuilding, and the chemical industry. In terms of the share of spending on science, Japan occupies a leading position among developed countries. And in terms of the number of scientists, Germany, Great Britain, and France combined dominate.

TO poorest countries planets include Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Cambodia

India and China occupy a special place in Asia. In recent decades, these giants have had some of the highest levels of economic development, and in terms of gross domestic product they are among the group of world leaders. And although in terms of GDP per capita they still lag significantly behind developed countries, the achievement of these countries in last years is impressive.

Third world countries - who is on the list and why

High-tech industries are also developing significantly here, and China, in addition, has its own manned space program, is a world leader in coal and iron ore mining, steel smelting, television production, and the like.

Significant success in Lately reached the so-called asian tigers(South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong (formerly Hong Kong), and Malaysia

These once backward countries Thanks to the successful modernization of our own economies, modern cars, consumer electronics, clothing and other high-quality products are now on the world market.

The Gulf countries stand out as a separate group. This region, together with Russia, accounts for the lion's share of proven oil and gas reserves. It was the attraction of investment in the oil and gas industry that allowed some of the Gulf countries (Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar) to approach the most developed countries in terms of living standards

Agriculture plays a major role in the economy of most Asian countries. Due to the enormous size of Asia and the diversity of natural and climatic conditions, a variegated structure of agricultural production has formed here: from reindeer husbandry and forestry in the north to the cultivation of exotic tropical crops in the south.

However, due to the high population density, significant mountain ranges and deserts in Asia, the problem of shortage of land suitable for agricultural use is very acute. In addition, the achievements of agricultural science and modern technology are very poorly used in agriculture in the countries of the region. Production here is carried out mainly using archaic methods and therefore its efficiency is low. Consequently, a number of countries in the region periodically face the problem of providing their own population with food

Economic-geographical typology of countries of the modern world

Page 2

Developing countries can be divided into six subgroups.

The first subgroup is formed key countries– India, Brazil and Mexico, which have very great natural, human and economic potential and in many respects are leaders in the developing world. These three countries produce almost as much industrial output as all other developing countries combined. But their per capita GDP is significantly lower than in economically developed countries.

The second subgroup includes some developing countries that have also reached a relatively high level of socio-economic development and have a per capita GDP indicator exceeding 1 thousand dollars. Most of these countries are in Latin America (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela, etc.), but they are also in Asia and North America.

The third subgroup includes newly industrialized countries (NICs), specializing in a number of labor-intensive manufacturing industries. In the 80s and 90s. XX century They made such a leap that they were nicknamed the “Asian Tigers.” The “first echelon” of such countries included the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The “second echelon” usually includes Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia.

The fourth subgroup is formed by oil-exporting countries. Thanks to the influx of “petrodollars,” per capita GDP reaches from 10 to 20 thousand dollars. These are primarily the Gulf countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iran), as well as Libya, Brunei and some other countries.

The fifth, largest, subgroup includes most of the “classical” developing countries. These are countries lagging behind in their development, with a per capita GDP of less than 1 thousand dollars. They are dominated by a rather backward mixed economy with strong feudal remnants. Most of these countries are in Africa, but they also exist in Asia and Latin America. This subgroup includes the states of concessional development of capitalism, which have become rich from the development of tourism (Jamaica, Bohamy, etc.).

The sixth subgroup is formed by approximately 40 countries (with a total population of 600 million people), which according to the UN classification belong to the least developed countries. They are dominated by consumer agriculture, there is almost no manufacturing industry, 2/3 of the adult population is illiterate, and the average per capita GDP is $100-300 per year. This subgroup includes countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Mali, Ethiopia, Haiti, etc.

Inclusion of post-socialist countries with transition economies into this two-member typology presents certain difficulties. In terms of their socio-economic indicators, most countries of Eastern Europe and the Baltic countries, of course, are economically developed. Among the CIS countries there are both economically developed and countries occupying an intermediate position between developed and developing. China, which has its own characteristics, both in its political system and in its socio-economic development, occupies the same contradictory position.

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Developing states at the present stage

The group of developing countries (less developed, underdeveloped) includes states with market economies and low levels of economic development. Of the 182 countries - members of the International Monetary Fund, 121 are classified as developing. Despite the significant number of these countries, and also the fact that many of them are characterized by large number population and a huge territory, they account for about 40% world GDP, share in world exports 26%.

They represent the periphery of the world economic system. This includes African countries, countries of the Asia-Pacific region - APR (except Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the “dragon” countries of Southeast Asia and the Asian CIS countries), countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. Subgroups of developing countries are also distinguished, in particular, a subgroup of Asia-Pacific countries (West Asia plus Iran, China, countries of East and South Asia - all other countries in the region), a subgroup of African countries (sub-Saharan Africa minus Nigeria and South Africa - all other African countries beyond with the exception of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, Tunisia).

The entire group of developing countries is very heterogeneous. Developing countries include, in particular, those states that, in many indicators of the level and quality of life, are higher than any developed country (United Arab Emirates, Kuwait or the Bahamas). GDP per capita and the volume of government social spending here correspond to or even exceed those of the G7 countries. In the group of developing countries, there are medium-sized states with a good level of development of economic and social infrastructure; there are also a significant number of countries with extremely backward national economies, the majority of whose population is below the poverty line, which corresponds, according to the UN methodology, to one dollar of expenditure per day for each inhabitant. It also cannot be said that all of them are economies of the agricultural or agrarian-industrial type.

Over the past decade, emerging markets have become the main engine of global economic growth. According to HSBC, 19 emerging economies will be among the top 30 by 2050 largest economies, and their share in the world economy will exceed that which the countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have today.

Emerging markets already account for 40% of global GNP, attracting 37% of global foreign investment.

In 2011, their growth, in contrast to the stagnating OECD countries, continued confidently. China has overtaken Japan to become the second largest economy in the world. Volume of straight lines foreign investment in India amounted to a record amount of 80 billion US dollars. Brazilian Petrobras has become one of the largest in the world oil company, having received a record amount of $67 billion last year during the placement of shares on the market.

An increasing number of transnational companies are entering these markets due to the growing prosperity of the population. In Asia, the middle class already accounts for 60% of general population(1.9 billion people). China in 2010 became the main market for the sale of cars, and the richest person in the world is a Mexican. Rapid economic growth occurs in an environment of weak deficits, low debt levels and controlled inflation.

But there is another, more attractive side that attracts companies from OECD countries to countries with developing economies: explosive innovation. First, emerging economies are already outperforming other countries in high value-added and high-application sectors. high technology Secondly, companies from OECD countries are increasingly re-importing innovations from developing countries.

According to the UN, about 21.5 thousand large transnational companies operate in these countries. Some of them, such as the Mexican cement company Cernex, the Indian outsourcing company Infosys, and the Chinese battery manufacturer BYD, have already become leaders in their sectors. China has become the main supplier in the global telecommunications market, where Huawei ranks alongside the Swedish Ericsson. In 2008

The developed countries

this company has registered more patents than any other company in the world, and in 2009 it took second place, behind Japan's Panasonic.

In the field of telecommunications, half of the world's top ten companies are currently made up of companies from emerging economies.

Brazil's Embraer has made a leap into aircraft production by adopting a business model developed by others. Indian Tata sells cars 75% cheaper than its European competitors. The cost of developing medical equipment in the Chinese Mindray is 10% cheaper than that of European companies. Mobiles offered by Kenyan Safaricom Banking services, as well as Indian outsourcing companies TCS and Wipr are significantly changing the market position.

Even the digital world has not remained outside the influence of countries with developing economies. Facebook could be Latin American because one of its creators is Brazilian. In terms of its market capitalization ($45 billion in 2011), the Chinese Internet company Tencent Holdings is the third largest in the world. The company's shareholder is the multinational South African company Naspers. Both companies invest in startups, but not in the US, but in other emerging markets. In 2000, they invested US$700 million in Russia's Mail.ru. Russian company Digital Sky Technologies, which owns Mail.ru, is involved in financing US startups such as Facebook, Zynga and Groupon.

All of these multinational companies from developing countries demonstrate not only explosive innovation, but also high prudence, which makes them extremely dangerous competitors. And they are quickly gaining strength: in 2010, according to the American Booz & Company, South Korean Samsung entered the top ten global companies in terms of investment in R&D. Israel has created 4 thousand start-up companies, becoming the second largest number of companies listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange in the world.

As a result, there is a noticeable downward trend in R&D spending among multinational companies in OECD countries. They have already opened about 100 research centers in countries with developing economies, mainly in China and India. GE's research and development center in India is the largest in the world. Cisco has invested a billion US dollars in creating another one. Microsoft's largest research center outside the United States is located in Beijing. IBM has more employees in India than in the US, and 12% of Germany's Siemens' 30,000 research staff is based in Asia.

In order to understand how quickly the global balance of power is changing, it is enough to say that in 1990 more than 95% of R&D was carried out in developed countries, and ten years later this share dropped to 76%. Currently, about 40% of the total number of researchers in the world is concentrated in developing economies. According to UNESCO, China, which currently spends more than 100 billion US dollars (2.5% of GDP) on R&D, will soon surpass the United States and Europe in the number of researchers.

In the coming decade, emerging economies will not only claim the lion's share of global growth, but will also be the source of much cost-effective innovation. By 2020, the geography of the innovation environment, as well as the well-being of peoples, will experience a significant change in the balance of power.

11. Post-socialist states: main features of socio-economic development. EU member countries. Countries outside the EU.

Countries with “transition economies” (post-socialist) and socialist countries. Previously, they were all countries of the socialist camp. The system of countries with economies in transition is quite numerous. This includes 13 states of Eastern Europe, 15 states former USSR, as well as China and Vietnam. In the process of transition from an administrative-command economy to a market economy, approximately three groups of countries were formed, differing from each other in their starting capabilities for implementing reforms, the pace and nature of their implementation, and the results achieved.

The first group of countries is represented by Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and the Baltic countries. This group of countries is characterized by a short (by historical standards) existence of a planned economy - about 40 years, and in its less rigid version.

The starting opportunities for this group of states were very favorable. The economy retained elements of private property and private initiative, a relative balance of the national economy or a small amount of imbalances, and the readiness of the population to accept the values ​​of a market economy. The relatively rapid and successful progress towards a market economy is also due to close economic and historical ties with Western Europe. The reforms were carried out as a result of a combination of evolutionary and radical options and transformations. The predominantly evolutionary nature of reforms is characteristic of Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Croatia. Radical reform methods were used in Poland and, to a lesser extent, in the Czech Republic. As a result of the transformations, a single-sector model of a transition economy was formed. There has been a relatively rapid and successful progress towards a market economy. Economic recession in most countries of the region amounted to 20-25% of GDP and extended over the period 1989-1993. In 1994-1995 Economic recovery began in the countries of the region. Average annual GDP growth rates in 1995-1997 averaged 3-5%.

In terms of socio-economic development, almost all countries of Central and Eastern Europe are classified as moderately developed. GDP per capita is: in the Czech Republic - 11.9 thousand dollars, Slovakia - 8.7 thousand dollars, Hungary - 7.8 thousand dollars, Poland - 7.1 thousand dollars. The named countries are in two - three times inferior to the countries of Western Europe in terms of average per capita GDP.

The second group is represented by Russia, other CIS member countries, as well as Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Albania, and Mongolia. The former USSR is characterized by the long existence of the administrative-command system (more than 70 years) in its most rigid version. The economy was characterized by maximum nationalization of the means of production, total regulation economic activity, suppression of any attempts at private initiative and private property, extreme degree of monopolization of economic activity. In addition, egalitarian tendencies and dependency have spread in society. One of the positive results of the Soviet era for all the republics that were part of the USSR was the relatively high level workforce qualifications. As a result of the transformations, a single-sector model of a transition economy was formed. Progress towards the market is fraught with considerable difficulties and is carried out much more slowly than in the countries of the first group. Reduction in GDP in all countries compared to 1990-1991 levels. was very strong: it ranged from 30% to 60%. In terms of industrial production, it ranged from 10% (Uzbekistan) to 80% (Georgia). Stabilization trends in most CIS member countries strengthened in the second half of the 90s. Since 1997, only Russia, Ukraine and Tajikistan remained in the group of countries where there was no GDP growth. Today, GDP per capita in Russia is a little over 5 thousand dollars, in Ukraine - more than 2 thousand dollars.

The third group of countries is represented by the countries of East Asia (China, Vietnam). The dominance of the planned economy in this region lasted 25-30 years.

The Chinese economy was characterized by extreme low level development of productive forces, underdeveloped industry, very low standard of living of the population (by the time the reforms began, no less than 1/4 of China's population was malnourished and lived below the poverty line). However, the transition to the market was facilitated by the fact that heavy industry and the military-industrial complex constituted a relatively small share of the country's economy, facilitating the reorientation of their industry to the needs of the consumer market.

In addition, the high work ethic of the population and the wealthy Chinese diaspora, which invested capital in the development of the country's economy, played a major positive role. Economic reform in China dates back to December 1978. The country maintains the traditional political system for socialist countries with the monopoly of the Communist Party on power.

Economic transformations in the PRC have never been carried out using “ shock therapy" At the same time, China, unlike all other countries with economies in transition, managed to avoid a transformational recession. Today, China's GDP per capita is $4.1 thousand. China's share in the gross world product is 10%, versus 20% for the United States and 2% for Russia.

Vietnam is still a centrally planned economy with a small but rapidly growing free market. The state belongs to the pear of low-income countries - no more than $100.

II. Components transition process

The main components of the transition process were identified relatively early. They are:

Liberalization. The process of freeing most prices to be determined by free markets and reducing trade barriers that cut off the link to price structures in market economies around the world.

Macroeconomic stabilization. Primarily, it is the process by which - after an initial surge in inflation following liberalization and the release of pent-up demand - inflation is brought under control and reduced over time. This work requires a disciplined approach to government budgets and growth money supply and loans (that is, discipline in conducting budgetary and monetary policy), as well as achieving a sustainable balance of payments.

Reorganization and privatization. The process of creating a viable financial sector and reforming businesses in these countries so they can produce goods that can be sold in free markets and making them private.

Legal and institutional reform. These reforms are needed to reorient the role of the state in these countries, establish the rule of law and implement appropriate pro-competition policies.

It should be taken into account that some of these countries joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 and de jure these countries began to be classified as developed countries, although de facto they are countries with emerging markets.

The classification of the People's Republic of China is particularly difficult, since the construction of capitalism, and therefore market relations, in the PRC occurs under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CCP). The Chinese economy is a symbiosis of a planned socialist economy and free enterprise. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) classifies China, like India, as a developing Asian country.

The countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic countries and some Balkan countries are characterized by an initially higher level of socio-economic development; radical and successful implementation of reforms (“velvet revolutions”); expressed desire to join the EU. The outsiders in this group are Albania, Bulgaria and Romania. The leaders are the Czech Republic and Slovenia.

Former Soviet republics, excluding the Baltic countries, since 1993

united into the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The collapse of the USSR led to the severance of economic ties that had been developing for decades between enterprises of the former republics. One-time abolition of state pricing (in conditions of shortage of goods and services), spontaneous privatization of the largest export-oriented state enterprises, introduction parallel currency(US dollar) and liberalization of foreign trade activities led to a sharp drop in production. GDP in Russia decreased by almost 2 times. Hyperinflation reached 2000% or more per year. There was a sharp drop in exchange rate national currency, state budget deficit, sharp stratification of the population with absolute impoverishment of the bulk of it. An oligarchic version of capitalism was formed without the creation of a middle class. Loans from the IMF and other international organizations were used to “patch holes” in the state budget and were stolen uncontrollably. Carrying out financial stabilization through budget restrictions and a policy of restriction or compression of the money supply (growth interest rates) gradually reduced inflation, but had serious social losses (unemployment, increased mortality, street children, etc.). The experience of “shock therapy” has shown that the mere introduction of private property and market relations does not guarantee the creation of an effective economy.

The European Union (European Union, EU) is an association of 27 European states that have signed the EU Treaty (Maastricht Treaty). The EU is a unique international entity: it combines the characteristics of an international organization and a state, but formally is neither one nor the other. The Union is not a subject of public international law, but has the authority to participate in international relations and plays a major role in them.

Requirements for applicants to join the EU

To join the European Union, a candidate country must meet the Copenhagen criteria. The Copenhagen Criteria are criteria for countries to join the European Union, which were adopted in June 1993 at the European Council meeting in Copenhagen and confirmed in December 1995 at the European Council meeting in Madrid. The criteria require that the state respect democratic principles, the principles of freedom and respect for human rights, as well as the principle rule of law(Article 6, Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union). Also, the country must have a competitive market economy, and must recognize general rules and EU standards, including commitment to the goals of political, economic and monetary union.

EU Member States (27)

Austria, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Republic of Cyprus, Slovakia, Great Britain, Latvia, Slovenia, Hungary, Lithuania, Finland

Germany, Luxembourg, France, Greece, Malta, Czech Republic, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, Ireland, Poland, Estonia

Preferences for developing and least developed countries.

In order to promote the economic development of developing and least developed countries, the Common System of Tariff Preferences is applied within the customs union.

Article 7 of the Agreement on Unified Customs Tariff Regulation dated January 25, 2008 provides for the application of a rate of import customs duties in the amount of 75% of the rates of import customs duties UCT in relation to goods imported into the common customs territory of the member states of the Customs Union that simultaneously satisfy the following conditions:

these goods originate from developing countries that are users of the unified system of tariff preferences of the customs union;

These goods are included in the list of goods originating from developing countries and least developed countries, for which tariff preferences are provided when imported into the common customs territory of the member states of the customs union.

In addition, the same article provides for the use zero rates import customs duties in respect of goods that:

come from the least developed countries that are users of the common system of tariff preferences of the customs union;

included in the list of goods originating from developing countries and least developed countries, in respect of which tariff preferences are provided when imported into the single customs territory of the member states of the customs union.

List of developing countries - users of the system of tariff preferences of the Customs Union (includes 102 states), List of least developed countries - users of the system of tariff preferences of the Customs Union (includes 49 countries in Africa and Asia), as well as List of goods originating and imported from developing and least developed countries developed countries, for the import of which tariff preferences are provided, were approved by the Decision of the Interstate Council of the EurAsEC dated November 27, 2009 No. 18 (shown in Appendices 2, 3 and 4, respectively).

The above tariff preferences are provided subject to the simultaneous observance of the following rules:

— rules for direct purchase. According to the Rules for determining the country of origin of goods from developing countries when granting tariff preferences within the framework of the General System of Preferences between the governments of the CIS member countries dated April 12, 1996, a product is considered as directly purchased if the importer purchased it from a person duly registered as a subject entrepreneurial activity in a developing or least developed country that is subject to preferential tariff treatment;

— rules for direct shipment. Direct shipment (delivery) is considered to be the delivery of goods transported from a developing or least developed country (territory) that is subject to a preferential tariff regime to a country that has granted tariff preferences without transportation through the territory of another state. The direct shipment rule also applies to goods transported through the territory of one or more countries due to geographical, transport, technical or economic reasons, provided that goods in transit countries, incl. when temporarily stored on the territory of these countries, they are under customs control. This rule also applies to goods purchased by the importer at exhibitions or fairs, subject to the following conditions:

- the goods were supplied from the territory of a developing or least developed country, which is subject to a preferential tariff regime, to the territory of the country where the exhibition or fair is held and remained under customs control during its holding;

- the goods, from the moment they were sent to the exhibition or fair, were not used for any purposes other than demonstration;

- goods are imported into the country that provided tariff preferences in the same condition in which they were delivered to the exhibition or fair, without taking into account changes in the condition of the goods due to natural wear and tear or loss under normal conditions of transportation and storage.

To certify the origin of goods from a developing country that are subject to a preferential tariff regime, the person moving the goods submits a declaration-certificate of the origin of the goods in Form “A”.

The preferential tariff regime does not apply to goods originating from a developing country that has not provided the names, addresses, and seals of the competent authorities authorized to certify certificates of origin of goods.

1. A country origin of goods, concept and principles

   Abstract >> Customs system

   ... promoting economic developmentdeveloping And leastdevelopedcountries. The new legislation has changed the list countries who are provided preferences for the purpose of protection...

2. The role of tariffs preferences in customs and tariff regulation of foreign trade activities

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   … under national system preferences(This developing And leastdevelopedcountries). As a document confirming country origin of the product, used...

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   … leastdevelopedcountries-users unified system tariff preferences TC - included in the list of goods originating from developing And leastdevelopedcountries …

4. Analysis of the current state and prospects development customs tariff policy of the Russian Federation

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   ... tariff system preferences, the beneficiaries (users) of which are developing And leastdevelopedcountries. For goods originating from developingcountries, apply...

5. Definition countries origin of goods from countries, which the Republic of Belarus (participating states...

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Development of China in the last quarter of the twentieth century. and the beginning of the 21st century. became the most successful period in history and one of the most successful periods in the almost five thousand year history of the country. That's why China developing or developed country actual question.

The whole world knows about the economic miracle of China.

The country's historical task

Over the course of just one generation, the country was able to solve the eternal problem of “warmth and satiety” and turn from developing to developed, in the opinion of many. These successes look especially bright against the backdrop of the bloody civil wars of the early twentieth century, the long war of resistance to Japanese aggression, the wasteful experiments of the 1950s and the tragedy of the Cultural Revolution.

The historical task that faced China in the middle of the 19th century was so large-scale and complex that its solution could not be simple and quick. The main difficulty was the inertia of continuous thousand-year history, which lay like an unbearable burden on the path of change.

Revolutions and wars, alternating throughout most of the twentieth century, were unable to break the old institutions and at the same time make a constructive contribution to the construction and development of China.

Advancement was accompanied by an inevitable rollback, and rapid jerks led to the destruction of not only what had been achieved at the previous stage, but also the very foundation of the state, putting it on the brink of chaos and collapse. The search for forms of combining these tasks was the main goal of all Chinese politicians and revolutionaries.

China's problem was not only to find a balance of old and new, traditional and modern, revolutions and reforms, but also to accurately determine the point of no return, after which the movement back to historical tradition would not become an inevitable return to the past, fraught with the death of an ancient civilization that has never found its place in the modern world.

For most of the last century, the country teetered on the edge of life and death, marked first by the consequences of prolonged isolation from the outside world and modernity, and then by increasingly vigorous attempts to bridge this gap, ruthlessly destroying the foundations of civilization.

Finding a development path

However, the search for its path to modernity did not exhaust the strategic goals of the Chinese state. The development of China was predetermined by the fact that for thousands of years the country thought of itself exclusively in terms of superiority and acting as the undisputed leader in the East Asian ecumene. The supporting role was unacceptable to her even on the international stage that had grown to the size of the entire planet.

Return to world history and regaining his place in the first rank of world powers was another challenge, no less important than the challenge of modernity. In the Chinese worldview, the loss of their leading role was identical to the loss of civilizational identity and the meaning of existence.

Not only government officials and the military, the political and cultural elite, but the entire Chinese society were convinced that China's development could only be associated with a great world power and no other.

The desire to enter modernity and establish itself in it as one of the leaders ran through all Chinese history twentieth century, determining the nature and degree of intensity of all internal processes.
That is why the path offered by capitalist development, which assigned China a strictly defined place in the existing world economic and political hierarchy, was rejected by the overwhelming majority of Chinese politicians and intellectuals.

China's problems

In an effort to compensate for the socio-economic backwardness of their country, the first Chinese revolutionaries at the beginning of the twentieth century. They solved China's problems by introducing advanced social thought as an integral and critically important part of political life, entrusting it with the functions of searching for strategic guidelines for development, previously determined by Confucian ideas and norms.

The people's revolution of 1949 for many years consolidated the ideocratic character of the Chinese state, which was soon absolutized; ideological dogmas again stifled living practice and the needs of economic development. Having established its superiority in the field of ideas, China's problems during the Cultural Revolution were isolated from the outside world.

China's development

The development of China in recent decades is inextricably linked with the reforms that began after the 3rd Plenum of the 11th CPC Central Committee (1978). However, the period preceding the reforms, both in socio-economic and historical terms, was not an irretrievably lost time. Despite the political mistakes of the leadership, the country as a whole developed progressively, demonstrating fairly high, although unstable, growth rates, the well-being of the population grew slowly but steadily, and industry, agriculture, the army, science and technology developed.

The extraction of rare earth metals developed, which other countries did not produce due to their high labor intensity.

The “Cultural Revolution” from the point of view of political and social life was a tragedy, but from the point of view of the larger historical cycle it became an event that finally overcame sociocultural inertia and pushed the country off the path of evolutionary inertia, disastrous for its integration into the modern world.

However, the destruction of the old culture led not only to the removal of obstacles to the development of China, but also to the elimination of fundamental values ​​and elementary order, and most importantly, did not bring us closer to achieving main goal– the revival of the country as a world power.
It was not easy to leave the cycle of revolutions and reforms and move on to a new historical stage, primarily because the socio-political model created in the PRC was based on the personal authority of the founders of the new Chinese statehood.

Only the departure from the political scene of the generation of revolutionary wars could mark the beginning of a new development strategy. But who and how could mobilize society to pursue a new course was not clear, and it was not clear what from the old experience of transformation the country would take into the next stage. Ideology played a decisive role in the beginning process of change; only by modernizing it could gradual transformations in other areas begin.

New political situation in the country

The death of Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong in 1976 created a fundamentally new political situation. The permanent leader of the party and state, who determined the development of the country for a quarter of a century, left behind a successor who had neither authority nor effective leverage over the party, army and society and was forced to seek a compromise with the leading political forces.

The new leadership inherited a large, albeit poorly managed, inheritance.

At the end of 1976, the PRC was a major world power with a territory of 9.563 million square meters. km (3rd place in the world), population 930.985 million people (1st place), GDP volume of 151.6277 billion dollars (9th place), accounting for 2.37% of world GDP, possessing nuclear weapons and the high international status of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

The years since the founding of the People's Republic of China have brought certain successes in economic construction, with growth rates averaging 6.5% per year. China's development proceeded unevenly, with large unproductive costs, the structure of the national economy remained unbalanced, some industries lagged behind the advanced world level for decades, hundreds of millions of people lived in poverty, on the brink of survival.
Despite China's existing problems, based on an assessment of its potential, they generally looked promising, but the development experience, especially of the last decade, made it highly problematic to quickly and successfully find solutions to them.

The future of China depended entirely on the outcome of the political struggle and the ability of the new leadership to solve acute socio-economic problems.

• First of all, it was necessary to oust ideological scholasticism from public life, replace ideological dogmas with clear, practical result-oriented goals, and make experiment and practice the main criteria of a new stage of development.
• In addition, for the development of China it was necessary to find and mobilize internal resources, without which the task of revival seemed impossible. Apart from cheap labor, there were no other significant resources for modernization in China, but even in Chinese conditions at that time it was perceived rather as a disadvantage, putting pressure from an excess population on a weak economic basis.

In 1980, the Chinese press noted that in terms of GDP, China was inferior to the United States by 11.2 times, and the USSR by 7.5 times, and even more in terms of national income per capita.

Choosing a modernization strategy

The decisive role in choosing a modernization strategy at that stage was played by the outside world, which was still far ahead.
The beginning of the last quarter of the twentieth century. since 1975 there have been no signs of global changes. The world has entered an era of military parity between the two superpowers, the competition between which, through the efforts of politicians and the logic of historical development, has shifted to the economic sphere.

The positions of the USSR and the USA in the world seemed strong and unshakable, which predetermined a high degree of stability and predictability in international relations. The PRC did not fit into this generally orderly picture of the world, which, due to its size, military-political and economic potential could become one of the world's leading players, and only China's internal problems prevented its active foreign policy steps. While the world rushed to new heights of scientific, technological and economic growth, the ideological doctrine of the PRC continued to describe it in terms of class struggle, confrontation and revolutionary reconstruction, and “economy” was a dirty word.

An acute ideological conflict with the USSR pushed China to establish partnerships with the United States, which were ready to play the Chinese geopolitical card in its own interests.

Despite ideological restrictions and as a result of difficult internal struggles in the leadership, China eventually agreed to expand contacts and establish cooperation with the West, first in the military and then in the economic sphere, and gradually began to emerge from self-isolation.

Heading to the world market

Reorientation to the global market, first through the creation of export-oriented production and special economic zones(SEZ), allowed China to realize its competitive advantages– connect cheap labor With natural resources and advanced technologies of the outside world. Therefore, the question of whether China is a developing or a developed country is more related to a developed one. Although the International Monetary Fund (IMF) classifies China and India as developing countries.

Important growth factors were established political stability and birth control, which reduced the demographic burden on the economy. Opening up to the outside world, China has returned to world history, becoming part of the global trends of a developed country.

Developed countries are those countries that occupy leading positions in the world in terms of economy, standard of living and scientific and technological progress. They are often called “industrial”. Currently, the population of these countries accounts for 15 percent of the world's population. The most developed countries in the world are listed below.

The United States of America is one of the largest and most influential powers in the world in terms of economy, politics and population. In terms of area, this state is in fourth place. The country borders on three countries: Canada from the north, Mexico from the south and has a small border with Russian Federation in the sea near Alaska. The country has four time zones and a great variety of landscapes - from hot tropics to arctic cold and from plains and canyons to mountain ranges and lakes.

There are more than 300 million people living in the United States, and most of them come from immigrants from all over the world. This became possible thanks to the Great Colonization, which took place starting in the 16th century after the great geographical discoveries of Columbus and Vespucci. Thus, there is a huge diversity of races, nationalities, languages ​​and religions. Although the official language is English, and the predominant religion is Catholicism.

48 of its 50 states are located on the North American continent, excluding Hawaii and Alaska

Japan is an economically developed country located on four large islands. Well organized here banking system, retail, communications, cargo transportation - in a word, everything that makes the country successful. The Japanese are very technologically savvy and are the authors of many inventions, especially when it comes to electronics. This is organized through close interaction between the authorities and enterprises. The country has a low level of taxes and everything has been done for the comfortable existence of individual entrepreneurship.

Japan has an extremely free attitude towards religion. The original faith in this country is Shintoism, and now Buddhism and many other world religions are also widespread. But not everyone adheres to any one religion. Often a Japanese can drop in and pray at the first temple he comes across, be it Buddhist or Shinto. This is due to the fact that the root faith - Shintoism - is the worship of the forces of nature, and not of any specific deity.

Government emphasizes scientific technology and work ethic

The history of Germany is very rich; the country has experienced many victories and defeats, ups and downs. At the moment, the state is included in the list of the most developed countries in the world and is an example to follow in terms of political structure, so few people consider it through the prism of the terrible events of the Second World War.

Despite the almost complete destruction of infrastructure after the wars, the Germans, through their hard work, were able to restore everything, and now Germany is one of the “elephants” of the economy on which the whole world rests.

The main strength of the country lies in the automobile industry, as well as in large quantities mineral resources on its territory

This island nation has one of the richest and most amazing histories, dating back to the Celtic tribes. For several centuries, the British Empire exerted a powerful influence on the world order. And, although now the size of the country has again been reduced to one island, its power has not diminished. English language is international and is considered official in many other countries. The fact is that the state retains and maintains close ties with all its former colonies.

Two-thirds of the country's economy is provided by the service sector, and slightly less by industry (mainly mechanical engineering, electrical equipment and electronics). The city of Birmingham is one of the first automotive manufacturing centers. The tourism and agricultural industries are also well developed.

The country ranks sixth in the European Union in agricultural production

France is a transcontinental world power with rich history, which has left its mark in the form of traditions, attractions and even national cuisine. In addition, the chemical and cosmetic industries, as well as the food industry, are very well developed here, for example, world-famous French wines and cheeses.

According to statistical studies, France is one of the least religious countries in the world. Almost a third of people are atheists, another third simply do not consider themselves to belong to any confession, and only the remaining third consider themselves to belong to any religion. But there are no official statistics on the ethnic composition of the country, just as there are no concepts of “nationalities” or “national minorities” in general.

France is strong in space and nuclear technology

This Mediterranean state is part of the European Union, like most other developed countries. He has a powerful the state budget, ranking seventh in size in the world.

The northern part of Italy is mainly engaged in industry, the southern - in agriculture, especially crop production (corn, sugar beets, olives, grapes, citrus fruits, etc.) Mechanical engineering and metallurgy predominate in industry. Most favorable economic situation precisely in Northern Italy, this is connected with very high density population in those areas.

Another actively developing aspect of Italy is civil airlines.

This East Asian state is technologically advanced. Particular attention is paid to information security, astronautics, and robotics. In this regard, the country has one of the most advanced education systems. All educational establishments have access to high-speed Internet and free digital textbooks. Korea's economy is based largely on shipbuilding (their products account for 45 percent of the world market). The auto industry is also in active demand.

The country has a rich culture. Cinema is actively developing here. The area of ​​eSports, in particular in the Starcraft discipline, is also enjoying success.

Korean martial arts and cuisine are widely known throughout the world.

Canada

The world's second largest state has its origins in the French colony, which in the 16th century was located on the site of the present city of Quebec.

At the moment it is a developed country with a diverse ethnic composition(statistics say that there are more than 40 ethnic groups living here, most of which are Christians).

Canada is a multicultural country. This means that in any locality you can find elements of completely different cultures, from Indian to Celtic. There are also many different national neighborhoods. Canada's economy is based on services and agriculture.

This European country has access to the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and has a varied topography, especially mountainous. The territory of the state is extremely rich in minerals, mainly metal ores. Accordingly, the mining industry is well developed. As for heavy industry, it should be noted shipbuilding and automotive manufacturing (Seat brand). The tourism sector is also at a high level. In 2016, the country was visited by 75 million people.

The main industry of tourism is beach holidays due to the mild warm climate and beautiful seascapes

Netherlands

This state is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and is governed by a monarch. The advantages of the Dutch economy include a skilled multilingual workforce, excellent infrastructure, equality between superiors and subordinates, high salaries. The most developed industrial sectors are mechanical engineering, petrochemicals, textiles, beer and clothing production. A lot is imported: cars, oil and petroleum products, food, equipment.

This is the only state that occupies an entire continent. It is rich in mineral resources and iron ore, and also has a rich nature, which, due to its isolation, has become truly unique. Many species of animals and plants are found only here and nowhere else. The main economic sector in Australia is agriculture, in particular livestock farming. A significant part is occupied by wool production.

Australian wool is sent to all corners of the world

Belgium

This country is one of the largest producers of metal products and clothing products. It is also impossible not to mention Antwerp, a world-famous diamond trading center. Chemical production is also well developed. Belgium has a convenient location with access to the sea and rivers, so water transport is actively used. In addition, Belgium is valued by American multinational companies. Among other things, the country has been famous throughout its history for scientific and technological achievements, some Belgians received Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry.

Sweden

The Kingdom of Sweden is one of the richest countries in Europe. There are more than fifty global concerns that distribute their products throughout the world. For example, Oriflame, Volvo, Ericsson, TetraPak. The state is a world leader in the production of bearings. Other economic advantages that make a country developed include a very high level of innovation, excellent education of workers, and excellent infrastructure.

The Greek economy was previously one of the strongest in the world, but has fallen on hard times in the last few years. Main source foreign exchange earnings‒ this is the tourism sector combined with the service sector. A significant part of the population is also employed there - at least 900 thousand people.

According to statistical surveys in some countries of the world, Greece was named the most attractive tourist destination

Highly developed countries differ from developing countries primarily in their macroeconomic indicators. Leadership is given to them by a higher GDP indicator and availability of capital for investment open market, in consumer demand. Developing countries need to overcome many economic and political nuances to achieve higher status.