Subject of interdisciplinary economic theory. Interdisciplinary general economic theory. Human needs. Law of increase

All of the above leads us to an expanded interpretation of the subject of economic science. Global synthetic theories developed in the early stages of the development of economic science, ahead of analytical theories, are also characteristic of economic science. Perhaps only the concept of Alfred Marshall, outlined in his Principles of Economic Science, turned out to be generally consistent with the analytical methods of the late 19th century. In the first case, the traditional connection and combination of economic knowledge is carried out within the framework of a disciplinary...

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Orekhov Andrey Mikhailovich

Russian Peoples' Friendship University

Moscow

Interdisciplinary synthesis and economics

If analysis separates into parts, then synthesis, on the contrary, connects the parts into one whole, or, in other words, synthesizes their. As a result, previously separated parts appear from a new angle, in a new aspect or light. Synthesis, unlike analysis, is able to cover the subject of research in its integrity and identify its internal contradictions (if any). Although in the history of science analysis, as a rule, is ahead of synthesis, there are nevertheless cases when global synthetic theories are created even before deep analytical knowledge of the parts of the whole is achieved.

All of the above can be extended to economic science. Synthesis as a method of economic research (“economic synthesis”) combines previously fragmented fragments of research material into a whole in the form of economic data; he synthesizes new concepts, principles and concepts, and makes the transition to new economic knowledge through “synthetic judgments”. The “synthetic method,” using synthetic judgments, allows one to derive new economic knowledge from basic principles.

All of the above leads us to an expanded interpretation of the subject of economic science. Economy This is no longer a subject area, but a way of mastering the world:

“Even now, economics should be defined not by its subject, but by its research method” 1 .

Global synthetic theories, developed in the early stages of the development of economic science ahead of analytical theories, are also characteristic of economic science. Concepts of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx- they all exactly correspond to this example. Perhaps only the concept of Alfred Marshall, set out in his “Principles of Economic Science,” turned out to be generally consistent with the analytical methods of the late 19th century. Now in economic research, the opposite picture is rather observed: analytical methods are ahead of synthetic ones in their development and, one can say that the world economic science is experiencing some “deficit” of effective global economic knowledge. The current dispute between neoclassicism and institutionalism is precisely about dominance in the creation of a global synthetic theory of economics.

Economic synthesis can be eitherintradisciplinary, or interdisciplinary. In the first case, the traditional connection and combination of economic knowledge is carried out within the framework of the disciplinary matrix of economic science, and in the second case we are talking about the connection and combination of economic knowledge with other types of social knowledge- sociological, psychological, philosophical, historical, political science, environmental, etc. and so on.

Interdisciplinary synthesis- This is the combination into a single whole of theories, methods and methodologies of various disciplines in order to obtain new knowledge within the framework of one discipline or at the interfaces between different disciplines. Interdisciplinary synthesis at the border XX and XXI centuries is one of the most effective ways to gain new knowledge,- including economic knowledge.

Interdisciplinary synthesis arises on the basisinterdisciplinary interaction. G. Berger gives the following definition of such interaction:

“This [interdisciplinary] interaction can range from the exchange of ideas to the mutual integration of entire concepts, methodologies, procedures, epistemologies, terminologies for given organizations of research and educational activities in some very broad scope.” 2 .

Economics is also involved in such interaction and also participates in processes of interdisciplinary synthesis. It can be done in three main ways:

1) The first method is based on the already mentioned method of “economic imperialism”.

"Economic imperialism"- a research method and type of interdisciplinary interaction in the social sciences, which reproduces the main principle of economic science: the effective achievement of goals when there is a shortage of funds; The goals themselves may be different and formulated by other social sciences: sociology, psychology, political science, etc.

Interdisciplinary interaction between economics and other social sciences along the lines of “economic imperialism” has intensified since the 70s- 80s XX century: and this is probably due to two main reasons: firstly, with the departure of economic science from the rigid canons of neoclassicism and the “second coming” of institutionalism as a direction that is much more “open” towards a union with other social sciences; and, secondly, with the desire of some social disciplines to become even more “positive”, to formalize their conceptual apparatus and methodological tools under the natural sciences- mathematics, physics, etc., and also partly under economics in the “economics” model.

“It is “economic imperialism” that introduces the methodology of verification and falsification of theory into the social sciences. Therefore he- a necessary condition for the development of other social sciences.

However, even more important is the influence of “economic imperialism” on its metropolis- the science of economics itself. As economists spread across neighboring disciplines, economics is enriched with more realistic assumptions about human nature, the emergence and development of social, legal, and political institutions. This process, in turn, leads to a rapid improvement in the quality of economic research itself.” 3 .

Particularly affected by “economic imperialism” were: gender studies, demography, sociology, history, and political science. In the vast majority of cases, this influence should be considered solely positive - both in terms of the influence on the evolution of economic knowledge itself, and in terms of the development of the discipline that is influenced by economics. For example, in history, such an impact is associated with the popularity of the methodology of the school of “new economic history” and cliometrics, in political science- with the emergence of the “theory of public choice”, etc.

2) The second method can be conditionally designated as “economic vassalage.”"Economic vassalage"- This is a method of interdisciplinary interaction between economics and another science (other sciences), when economic research is conducted in accordance with the methodological and theoretical foundations of another science (or other sciences).

“Economic vassalage” is the reverse side of “economic imperialism.” If in the case of the latter, economics acts as an “aggressor” on the territory of someone else’s science, dictating its methods to it, then in the case of “economic vassalage,” another science imposes its theoretical schemes and its methodology on economic science.

Throughout its history, economic science has repeatedly been subject to “incursions” from other social sciences, and, it should be noted, such “incursions” in certain periods of the development of economic thought were very successful and had a profound impact on the development of economic theory and methodology. For example, in German economic thought of the second half XIX - first third of XX centuries the economic discipline played the role of a “vassal” of historical science; in the Soviet social sciences (from 1917 to 1991), economic science had to play the role of a “vassal” of Marxist-Leninist philosophy and its political brother- “scientific communism”, etc.

In the worst case, we even had to talk about the so-called reductionism - when the subject and (or) methodology of economic science was completely reduced (reduced) to the subject and (or) methodology of another social discipline. Particularly strong, was probablypsychological reductionism late XIX - early XX centuries, when some researchers, under the influence of marginalism, attempted to completely dissolve economics in psychology. At the present stage, the research field of economic methodology is very active.sociological reductionism, whose goal is obviously to replacestrictly economicresearch methodseconomic processes and phenomenasociological methods, in fact, only partially coinciding with economic ones.

3) The third method of interdisciplinary synthesis can be conditionally called the method of “equal cooperation”.

"Equal cooperation"- This is a type of interdisciplinary interaction when economics and other social sciences equally influence the development of any research problems at the “junctions” between themselves, enriching and deepening both their own and others’ theory and methodology.

The most classic here should be considered the modern interaction between economics and sociology, as well as between economics and psychology. Despite the individual encroachments of “economic imperialism” and “economic vassalage,” for these two pairs of sciences, interdisciplinary interaction of the type of “equal cooperation” still ranks first. “Economic sociology” and “economic psychology” have made considerable progress in recent years, using an effective combination in the first case- economic and sociological theory and methodology, and in the second- economic and psychological theory and methodology. The “equal cooperation” of economic and historical sciences, economic science and gender studies, economic science and legal science should also be considered quite successful.

Nobel Prizes- Gary Becker (1992)- for the theory of “human capital” (economics, sociology, gender studies, law), Douglas North (1993) for cliometrics and “new economic history” (economics, history, sociology), Daniel Kahneman and Vernon Smith (2002)- for the development of experimental economics (economics, psychology)- These are just a few examples when economists received awards not only for the development of economic knowledge itself, but de facto - and for successful interdisciplinary synthesis.

1 Guriev S.M. Three sources - three components of economic imperialism // Social Sciences and Modernity, 2008, No. 3.

2 Quote according to E. Mirsky (Interdisciplinary research and disciplinary organization of science, M., 1980, p. 20).

3 Guriev S.M. Three sources - three components of economic imperialism, p.140.

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Subject of economic science.

The components of modern economic theory and the immediate subject of its individual parts can be correctly defined in the context of two fundamental features:

1. Economic theory develops along with society - economics and theoretical views on economics evolve along with the development of real economic relations.

2. The increasing complexity of economic relations and the emergence of new models of economic systems inevitably give rise to the differentiation of economic theory and the emergence of new directions and schools.

Thus, we can conclude that the subject of economic theory is economic relations in society.

Economic theory, analyzing economic relations in society, must answer a number of fundamental questions:

1. What are economic relations, how are they structured, what are their main structural elements, goals and forms of movement?

2. How does the economic system function, how is the interrelation of its elements in the process of functioning, and what impact does economic decision-making have?

3. How does the system of economic relations interact with other spheres of society and, above all, with the social sphere and politics?

Method

Methodology is a general approach to studying economic phenomena, a system of methods and techniques of analysis with a certain philosophical approach: subjective, dialectical-materialistic, empirical, rationalistic.

Methodology is based on methods. A method is a set of techniques, methods, principles by which ways to achieve goals are determined. If the subject of science and its methodology are characterized by what is studied, then the method is how it is studied.

Methods of economic theory:

Method of analysis and synthesisanalysis involves dividing the object or phenomenon under consideration into separate parts and determining the properties of a separate element. With the help of synthesis, a complete picture of the phenomenon as a whole is obtained.

Method of induction and deductionwith the induction method, individual facts, principles are studied and general ones are formed theoretical concepts based on obtaining results (from specific to general). The deduction method involves research from general principles, laws, when the provisions of the theory are distributed into individual phenomena.

System approach methodconsiders a separate phenomenon or process as a system consisting of a certain number of interconnected elements that interact and influence the effectiveness of the entire system as a whole.

Mathematical modeling methodinvolves the construction of graphic, formalized models that characterize individual economic phenomena or processes in a simplified form.

Method of scientific abstractionallows you to exclude from consideration certain insignificant relationships between economic entities and concentrate attention on the consideration of several entities.

Positive and normative economic theory.

Many economists draw a clear line between issues of efficiency and fairness. Discussions about efficiency are seen as part of positive economic theory, which deals with facts and real dependencies. Discussions about justice are part of normative economics, that is, that branch of science that makes judgments about whether particular economic conditions and policies are good or bad.

Normative economic theoryrelates not only to the problem of fairness in the distribution of the product. Value judgments are also possible about the remaining three basic choices made by every economic system: in deciding what to produce, is it fair to allow the production of tobacco and alcoholic beverages while prohibiting the production of marijuana and cocaine? When making choices about “how to produce,” is it possible to allow people to work in dangerous or harmful conditions, or should work in these conditions be prohibited? When deciding who will do what work, is it fair to limit access to different types of work based on age, gender, or race? Regulatory issues span all aspects of the economy.

Positive theoryWithout offering any value judgments, it focuses on the processes through which people obtain answers to four basic economic questions. This theory analyzes the operation of the economy, the influence of certain institutions and political actions on the economic system. Positive science traces connections between facts and looks for measurable patterns in ongoing processes.

The purpose of economic theory is, firstly, to describe and explain the processes of production and circulation; secondly, to ensure proper economic behavior of business entities. In both cases we first have

dealing with positive economics, and then with normative ones. Positive economics describes the facts, conditions, relationships in the economic sphere, the relationships between them, the most significant processes of economic activity and their interaction with other economic and social processes. In a word, positive economics is concerned with revealing the substantive side of the phenomena and processes of the economic life of society, i.e. disclosure of economic laws and patterns.

In conclusion, we can say that positive economics deals with the knowledge and operation of economic laws, while normative economics deals with their use.

Cognitive and applied functions of economic science.

First of all, we can highlightcognitive functioneconomic science. This function allows us, in conditions of constant dynamism external environment expand knowledge in the field of complex economic processes, study the forms and essence of economic phenomena. Human life is permeated by economics, so it is necessary to study its laws.

Economic theory is unique as a theoretical science, since it does not answer every specific question, but is intended to provide a scientific approach to solving any of these questions and to develop a concept. It follows that the cognitive function of economic science presupposes:

1) study of the system of economic relations, study of the behavior of economic entities at the micro and macro levels;

2) the study of economic contradictions and a description of their system (for example, between labor and capital, supply and demand, accumulation and consumption, etc.).

We also note methodological And prognostic functioneconomic science.Methodological functionprovides a theoretical basis for research in applied economic sciences, andprognosticallows you to predict short-term and long-term economic development.

By using methodological functionMethods and scientific tools are being developed that are necessary for all economic sciences. The purpose of this function is to separate the subject of economic theory from objects that are studied in related disciplines.

Practical functioneconomic science is expressed in the development of economic policy by the state, and allows right choice when carrying it out. That is, the practical function of economic science is to scientifically explain the economic policy pursued by the state, as well as to identify the principles and methods of rational economic management.

Since economics is based on lived experience, we can distinguishempirical function. This function means that, like any scientific activity, economic experiments and research are empirical in nature.

When considering the question of the functions performed by economic science, they sometimes distinguisheducational function, the meaning of which is to form a certain way of economic thinking.

Economic categories and economic laws.

As the famous English economist A. Marshall argued, economic laws are an expression of social trends, “a generalization that states that from the members of any social group under certain conditions a certain course of action can be expected.”

In the literature we find the following definition of economic law:

Economic law is an essential, necessary, stable relationship in economic phenomena and processes that determines their development.

In accordance with this definition, one can treat economic law as a special objective phenomenon and study its essence, content, structure (form) and conditions of action and manifestation.

The essence of economic law lies in the expression of the essential connection of the method of production, that is, the specification of the essence of the law is directly related to the disclosure of the essence of this connection, which is predominantly causal, a cause-and-effect relationship, one side of which determines the other.

In its content, economic law is dialectical in nature.

The elements of the content of the law are:

1. parties to the cause-and-effect relationship;

2. the process of interaction between these parties;

3. forms of interaction between them;

4. the result of this interaction.

Complication economic life and the interweaving of economic ties, the increase in influencing factors lead to the fact that traditional economic laws are modified and neutralized, manifesting themselves as development trends of a given period or a specific historical era.

There is a system of economic laws in society. They are interconnected. The following economic laws are distinguished:

1. Universal laws - operating at all stages of human development

Societies, in all socio-economic formations:

I. Laws of increasing needs;

II. Laws of social division of labor;

III. Laws of increasing labor productivity, etc.

2. General Economic Laws- act in the presence of common social

Economic conditions(commodity-money relations):

I. Laws of value;

II. Laws of supply and demand;

III. Laws money circulation And. etc.

Economic categorythis is a logical concept that reflects in abstract form the most essential aspects of economic phenomena, processes, and mechanisms. Abstractions that reflect reality have their own life cycle. They may leave scientific circulation, or they may return

depending on how relevant they are, i.e. how intense are the processes of reality that they reflect.

Since economic phenomena, processes and mechanisms are interconnected in space and time, the categories that reflect them are also interconnected, which manifests itself as interaction, confrontation,

complementarity and neutrality. Every branch of scientific knowledge carries out typification and classification of the multitude of phenomena being studied. The result of these generalizations in economic science reflects economic categories. Economic category scientifically collective concept,

abstractly, generally characterizing the essence of many homogeneous, similar economic phenomena.

Let's look at an example:

Property is one of the concepts around which the best minds of mankind have been intermingling for many centuries. However, the matter is not limited to the struggle in theoretical terms. Social upheavals, which sometimes shake the whole world, one of their main causes is, ultimately, attempts to change existing property relations, to establish new system these relationships.

In our country, during the twentieth century, property relations were broken twice. The first began in October 1917 and ended in an unprecedented catastrophe, the consequences of which will be assessed from geometrically opposite positions for more than one generation. The second is happening today. Its main goal is to return property relations to their true content, to put together a fairly broad layer of private owners who would become the social support of the current regime.

Historical types of property relations and their characteristics by representatives of various scientific schools.

The question of forms of ownership is one of the most complex in economic theory. The classification of forms of ownership can be carried out in historical terms by describing successive forms of ownership. Each of the historical forms, in turn, is specified by objects and subjects of property, by the nature of the appropriation of production results and other characteristics. This classification is close to the traditional formational classification, although it does not completely coincide with it.

Historically, the first form was collective, communal property. This primitive form of property is characterized by the fact that property rights had not yet been formed and, accordingly, there were no institutions and mechanisms for their distribution and redistribution. Consequently, there were no conditions for the formation of economic power and economic dependence. Equal rights to living conditions, joint labor and common results were the hallmark of primitive appropriation.

As a result of a long historical process, accompanied by the development of productive forces and the transition from collective labor and a common economy to individual labor and small farms isolated from each other, the decomposition of the community and the emergence of private property occurred. Livestock, implements and other movable property, and then land, became the exclusive property of individual families. Initially, private property rested on the family's own labor. But over time, the process of growing property inequality and the deprivation of land to individual families, which took place on the basis of the progress of productive forces, led to the emergence of private property based on the appropriation of the results of other people's labor. Exploitation of man by man arises, society splits into classes of exploiters and exploited. This so-called The ancient form of ownership is characterized by an extremely high concentration of property rights among private individuals, provided that the right of full ownership also extended to people. The absolute concentration of property rights among some individuals corresponded to an equally absolute absence of rights among others, who were generally deprived of personality traits.

The subsequent development of human society was accompanied by a consistent movement towards equality of personal rights and freedoms. In this historical movement, following the ancient one, feudal property arose (Europe of the 5th century, Kievan Rus). It was characterized by absolute property rights over the conditions of production and limited property rights over people. The basis of feudal private property is the ownership of land and the exploitation of personally dependent peasants. Unlike the slave, the peasant was a participant in property relations, since he owned small land plot and the means of production necessary for its processing. Feudalism is characterized by a form of ownership in which land did not belong exclusively to an individual. Mutual relations both within the class of feudal lords (lords, vassals) and its connections with direct producers were built on personal domination and subordination. It was not free and complete private ownership of land, but conditional, limited by relations of personal domination and subordination land ownership, with which the political and military power of the feudal class was directly linked.

In the depths of feudalism, property relations arose that were not associated with the attachment of producers to the land. In addition to the small private property of free peasants, there was the property of urban artisans, separated from the land and free from serfdom, who produced goods for sale (Europe 10th-11th centuries, Rus' 9th-13th centuries).

Ancient and feudal property have in common that economic power was supplemented by power over the personality of people.

In connection with the liberation from personal dependence, the development of productive forces and commodity production, capitalist property arises (Europe of the 15th century, Russia of the 19th century), which differs significantly from previous forms: it is based on the complete separation of direct producers from the material conditions of their labor. On the one hand, the legal equality of all citizens is affirmed, and on the other hand, a new type of relationship is established: the economic power of some and the economic dependence of others. Large private ownership of land appeared, and with it a mass of people who were formally free, but had nothing but their own working hands (with an equal distribution of civil rights, an unequal distribution and concentration of property rights occurred). In contrast to the private property of small commodity producers, the basis of capitalist private property is the gratuitous appropriation of the embodied results of other people's labor, the exploitation of man by man in the form of the appropriation of surplus value (the amount by which the value of a worker's daily output exceeds the daily wage).

There are intermediate forms of ownership that involve the redistribution of property rights in order to limit the economic power of some and liberate others from the economic dependence. An example is the participation of employees in management, income distribution, control, etc.

During the socialist revolution, a new social form of ownership arises - socialist. In theories of this form of property it was assumed that property relations under capitalism represent historically the last forms based on the exploitation of man by man. It was proclaimed that due to the contradictions inherent in the capitalist mode of production, and, above all, the growing contradiction between the social nature of production and the capitalist form of appropriation, they are completely exhausting themselves. The experience of building socialism (Russia-USSR 1917-1991, East Germany 1949-1990, Poland 1947-1990, etc.) was an attempt to equalize people not only in rights and freedoms, but also in property rights to the conditions and results of production.

Modern tendencies world economy indicate that the post-industrial development of society will be accompanied by an increasing distribution of absolute private property rights and an increasing variety of combinations of rights between economic entities involved in production, distribution, exchange and consumption economic benefits. The scientific and technological revolution has determined an increasing trend towards increasing the role of state ownership. This form differs significantly from private property in that its direct subject is the state. But basically the current market economy is characterized by collective, corporate, mixed forms of ownership. In a fairly typical capitalist economy market type 10-15% of the means of production are individually privately owned, 60-70% are collectively-corporate, joint-stock, and 15-25% are state-owned.

Concepts of limited resources, rational choice and opportunity cost.

One of the first problems called economic is that human needs always exceed the possibilities that exist at the moment to satisfy them. Economic theory states that the needs of an individual and society as a whole are unlimited, while the resources of any society at any given time are limited.

Target economic activity people satisfying their needs by using limited resources, production, distribution and consumption of various goods and services. Those resources that are necessary to carry out the production process are called factors of production, there are four of them: labor, capital, natural resources (land), entrepreneurial ability, information. These resources, despite their differences and diversity, have one common feature - they are limited. In the entire history of mankind, no society has been able to provide sufficient resources to satisfy all the needs of its members for goods and services. People will always be faced with the problem of using the resources they have effectively, which would bring the maximum return, the greatest effect.

Economic theory is based on the assumption that people's behavior in the economy is rational. This means that people set certain goals for themselves and use the time and means at their disposal to achieve them. However, these funds and time also represent a limited resource. People must rank their goals in order of importance and make choices to use their resources in the best possible way.

Thus, people's economic actions are the result of a conscious choice that involves spending time and limited resources to achieve some goal. Such a choice means that this time and resources will no longer be used to achieve other goals: a person who wants to go for a walk, prepare for a test, or attend the volleyball section at the same time must choose one thing and come to terms with the fact that part of his needs will remain unsatisfied.

Rational choice involves evaluation decision taken, i.e. comparison of costs and benefits associated with available solution options. Closely related to this assessment is the concept of opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is an estimate of lost profits, the payment for a decision made.

The concept of bounded rationality.

Some models of human behavior in the social sciences suggest that human behavior can be adequately described by assuming that people behave as “rational” beings (see, for example, rational choice theory). Many economic models assume that people are hyper-rational and never do anything that is contrary to their interests. The concept of bounded rationality challenges these assumptions in order to take into account that in reality, completely rational decisions are difficult to implement in practice due to the limited computing resources required to make them.

The term was coined by Herbert Simon. In Patterns of My Life, Simon points out that most people are only partly rational, and emotional or irrational in other situations. In another work, he argues that “agents of bounded rationality have difficulty formulating and solving complex problems, and processing (receiving, storing, using, transmitting) information. Simon describes a number of directions in which the classical model of rationality can be supplemented and brought into greater correspondence with reality, remaining within the framework of strict formalism:

a limitation on what kind of utility functions can be.

accounting for the cost of collecting and processing information

possibility of existence of a vector utility function

Simon proposed that economic agents use heuristic analysis rather than strict application of optimization rules, due to the complexity of the situation and the impossibility of calculating and accounting for the utility of every possible action. The cost of assessing the situation may be very high, and other economic activities may also require similar decisions. Daniel Kahneman positions the theory of bounded rationality as a model that overcomes the limitations of the common model of rational agents.

Private, club, public and common goods.

The good is private, each unit of which can be sold to the consumer for a certain fee. Each private good has a very specific consumer. In markets, private goods are exchanged for money.

Properties of private goods:

Private goods are purchased individually, in accordance with the tastes and demands of specific consumers (selective property).

All private goods are represented by separate commodity units. The consumption of one unit of a private good by one consumer makes it impossible for another consumer to consume that unit of the good (divisibility).

Any private good has a price. Even the lowest price makes consumption impossible for some part of potential consumers, i.e. the price excludes the good from the consumption of some persons (exclusivity).

Any price must cover the cost of producing the good (cost recovery).

Thus, the pricing of private goods has a market mechanism, the choice of private goods is free, and the amount of personal consumption is easy to determine.

Public goodsgoods with the following characteristics:

non-exclusion signit is almost impossible to exclude a person from the circle of consumers of a given good

a sign of non-competitiveness in consumptionconsumption of a good by one person does not reduce the possibility of consumption by another

sign of indivisibilitygood cannot be decomposed into separate units

This definition is well illustrated by the following examples:

the lighthouse that guides sailors at night shines on everyone to whom its light reaches.

ensured internal and external security of the state is available to everyone who is on its territory.

Public goods are not at all similar to private goods; it is almost impossible to organize their sale: individuals enjoy the effects of public goods, but avoid paying for them (free rider effect).

There are not many pure public goods; mixed goods are more common, including properties from both private and public goods. These are club, overloaded goods and shared resources, such as clean water and fish in the sea.

There is an opinion that only the state can provide public goods, but this is not true. In the 17th century in England, the construction of lighthouses was carried out by private individuals for individual benefit, while there was a special public service created, among other things, for the construction of lighthouses; and racketeers, for example, offer protection of property rights from members of their own and other organizations.

Motivation of economic behavior.

The motivation of economic behavior is understood as a set of moving forces that encourage the subject (subjects) to carry out economic actions. Such forces force people, consciously or unconsciously, to commit certain actions. The connection between these forces and human actions is mediated by a complex system of interactions.

Motivation gives economic activity a social orientation, focused on achieving certain goals, and sets the boundaries and forms of economic behavior. Understanding social mechanisms motivation has important practical significance for effective management economic activity and skillful use of the human factor in the economy.

Every economic activity of people is carried out to fulfill certain needs. Need is the need of a business entity to acquire and use various goods for its normal functioning.

The following groups of needs of participants in economic activity are distinguished:

The needs of production and economic activities that are necessary to ensure simple and expanded reproduction. These are the needs for raw materials, finance, technology, production capacity, etc.

The needs of people necessary for their normal comprehensive development, which are satisfied jointly by the entire society (in education, healthcare, socio-cultural infrastructure, etc.)

Individual needs of the individual, including material needs (for food, clothing, housing, etc.), spiritual needs (for knowledge, introduction to science, creativity, etc.), social needs (for self-expression, self-affirmation, social activity, social growth, social solidarity, stability, self-preservation, etc.)

This classification does not exhaust the variety of needs. World science has developed more than 50 theories of motivation, which analyze the influence of needs on motivation. These theories include: Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,

Alderfer's theory, McClelland's theory of acquired needs, V. Vroom's theory of expectation, etc.

Philosophical and methodological premises of economic theories.

Principles and methods of economic-theoretical research.

The meaning and limits of application of mathematical methods in economic research.

The penetration of mathematics into economics involves overcoming significant difficulties. Mathematics, which developed over several centuries mainly in connection with the needs of physics and technology, was partly to blame for this. But the main reasons still lie in the nature of economic processes, in the specifics of economic science.

The complexity of the economy was sometimes seen as a justification for the impossibility of modeling it and studying it using mathematics. But this point of view is fundamentally wrong. You can model an object of any nature and any complexity. And it is precisely complex objects that are of greatest interest for modeling; This is where modeling can provide results that cannot be obtained by other research methods.

Potential possibility of mathematical modeling of any economic objects and processes does not mean, of course, its successful feasibility with this level economic and mathematical knowledge, available specific information and computer technology. And although it is impossible to indicate the absolute limits of the mathematical formalizability of economic problems, there will always be still unformalized problems, as well as situations where mathematical modeling is not effective enough.

Features of economic observations and measurements.

For a long time now the main brake practical application mathematical modeling in economics is to fill the developed models with specific and high-quality information. The accuracy and completeness of primary information, the real possibilities of its collection and processing largely determine the choice of types of applied models. On the other hand, economic modeling studies put forward new requirements for the information system.

Depending on the objects being modeled and the purpose of the models, the initial information used in them has a significantly different nature and origin. It can be divided into two categories: about past development and current state objects (economic observations and their processing) and on the future development of objects, including data on expected changes in their internal parameters and external conditions (forecasts). The second category of information is the result of independent research, which can also be performed through simulation.

Methods for economic observations and the use of the results of these observations are developed by economic statistics. Therefore, it is worth noting only the specific problems of economic observations associated with the modeling of economic processes.

In economics, many processes are massive; they are characterized by patterns that are not apparent from just one or a few observations. Therefore, modeling in economics must rely on mass observations.

Another problem is generated by the dynamism of economic processes, the variability of their parameters and structural relationships. As a result, economic processes must be constantly monitored, and it is necessary to have a steady flow of new data. Since observations of economic processes and processing of empirical data usually take quite a lot of time, when constructing mathematical models of the economy it is necessary to adjust the initial information taking into account its delay.

Knowledge of quantitative relationships of economic processes and phenomena is based on economic measurements. The accuracy of measurements largely determines the accuracy of the final results of quantitative analysis through simulation. Therefore, a necessary condition for the effective use of mathematical modeling is the improvement of economic measures. The use of mathematical modeling has sharpened the problem of measurements and quantitative comparisons of various aspects and phenomena of socio-economic development, the reliability and completeness of the data obtained, and their protection from intentional and technical distortions.

During the modeling process, interaction between “primary” and “secondary” economic indicators arises. Any model of the national economy is based on a certain system of economic measures (products, resources, elements, etc.). At the same time, one of the important results of national economic modeling is the receipt of new (secondary) economic indicators - economically justified prices for products various industries, effectiveness assessments of different quality natural resources, measuring the social utility of products. However, these measures may be influenced by insufficiently substantiated primary measures, which forces the development of a special methodology for adjusting the primary measures for business models.

From the point of view of the “interests” of economic modeling, currently the most current problems improvement of economic indicators are: assessment of the results of intellectual activity (especially in the field of scientific and technical developments, the computer science industry), construction of general indicators of socio-economic development, measurement of effects feedback(the influence of economic and social mechanisms on production efficiency).

Scientific standards and criteria for assessing economic knowledge.

When determining the assessment of economic knowledge, it is necessary to proceed from the following criteria:

The amount of knowledge that a student has in the economic discipline.

Understanding the essence of economic phenomena and processes and their interdependencies,

The ability to see the main economic problems, the reasons for their occurrence,

Ability to theoretically substantiate possible solutions to existing economic problems.

Criteria for assessing economic knowledge

The criteria for assessing economic knowledge will be different, depending on what kind of

criteria for assessing economic knowledge for the system higher education, then these criteria cannot

be homogeneous. Economic knowledge is a reflection of socially significant social

political problems, therefore their assessment cannot be one-sided and represent

only exact formulas and calculations.

Like any object of research, the assessment of economic knowledge is characterized not only

assessment of their content, but also of other forms of their manifestation. Therefore it is necessary to apply

various criteria to assess different forms of manifestation of economic knowledge. Such forms

are: the type of educational work that the student performs (oral answer, written answer,

classroom work, independent homework, scientific activities, production

practice); its rank by level of difficulty (note-taking, independent work, test, control

work, test, exam, coursework and diploma projects, Research Article); organizational status

(intra-university, regional, federal).

In practice, the criterion cannot be rigid and unambiguous, since there is

factor of probable changes in conditions. In this regard, the development of criteria for assessing economic

knowledge must have a systematic, diverse and multi-level structure that can flexibly

respond to the instability of some evaluation parameters.

The fact that the subject of research (a specific carrier of the subject of assessment) is

person, necessitates taking into account individual psychological characteristics and

accentuations of the character of each individual student in the assessment process (for example, according to this

criterion such as response speed). In this case, the evaluator can be either a person or a computer, but

only a person is being evaluated, and this cannot be ignored.

The considered approaches to developing criteria for assessing economic knowledge can

contribute to the creation of a well-founded system of criteria that will improve not only

efficiency, but also the quality of economic education, and will give the entire assessment process

necessary objectivity to protect students from cases of prejudice against them

teachers.

Interdisciplinary interactions in economic science.

The economy determines the sphere of people’s life activities, which combines material production activity and service creation. The study of economics as a special sphere of human life requires an integrated approach and interaction of different sciences. Therefore, not only the knowledge previously developed by economic sciences is used, but also obtained by related natural and social sciences, among which sciences such as mathematics, computer science, psychology, political science, law, engineering, ecology, statistics and demography can be particularly highlighted. Interdisciplinarity makes it possible to transfer ideas and approaches that have proven successful in other scientific disciplines to economics, and to more clearly identify problems that other sciences have not encountered.

Economics-mathematics

Modern economic theory, both at the micro and macro levels, includes mathematical models and methods as a natural, necessary element. The use of mathematics in economics allows, firstly, to identify and formally describe the most important, essential connections of economic variables and objects: the study of such an important object requires a high degree of abstraction. Secondly, from clearly formulated initial data and relationships using deductive methods, one can obtain conclusions that are adequate to the object being studied to the same extent as the premises made. Thirdly, the methods of mathematics and statistics allow us to inductively obtain new knowledge about an object: to evaluate the form and parameters of the dependencies of its variables, which are most consistent with the available observations. Finally, fourthly, the use of the language of mathematics allows one to accurately and compactly present the provisions of economic theory, formulate its concepts and conclusions.

Economics-Informatics

Recently, the interaction of economics and computer science has also begun to play an increasingly important role - modern information and telecommunication technologies are significantly changing both the methods of producing products and services, as well as the organization and forms of leisure, the exercise by a person of his civil rights, methods and forms of upbringing and education. They have a decisive influence on social structure society, economics, politics, development of public institutions. There is an intensive process of formation of the global information economy, the transformation of e-commerce into the main means of doing business. A new type of society is emerging, in which information and knowledge become the main resource further development. Russia, being part of the world community, is persistently introducing the latest infocommunication technologies. Now we can state that Information society and for our country it is increasingly turning from a dream into reality.

Economic theory and system of economic sciences.

Economic theory and other economic sciences must increasingly take into account the results of research from other sciences, at least as certain constraints (social, moral, legal, etc.). In this regard, economic theory, as well as all economic sciences, faces the question of its place in the system of other sciences. Since the center of its research is a person in all the richness of its economic manifestations, it inevitably, to a greater or lesser extent, turns out to be associated with a wide range of sciences, occupying an intermediate position between humanities and natural knowledge. Economic theory also serves as a general basis for a number of economic sciences, which are divided into specific (industrial economics, agricultural economics, enterprise economics, national economics, etc.), functional (finance, credit, etc.), information and analytical (statistics, economic modeling etc.) and historical (history of the national economy, history of economic thought).

The structure of modern economic knowledge.

Economic science is conventionally divided into:

microeconomics based on the smallest economic unit (individual consumer, firm), as well as the mutual influence between economic entities, which is manifested in prices for goods and services;

macroeconomics study of the country’s economy as a whole, its economic patterns for making political decisions. The main attention is paid to the national income of society, employment problems, inflation rates, directions of government revenues and expenditures. Macroeconomic analysis aims to achieve full employment, price stability, effective economic growth.

Recently, economists have distinguished two more sections of economics:

mesoeconomics consideration of subsystems of the national economy or a whole complex of industries, regions, etc.;

mega-economy study of the laws and behavior of the world economy in general.

Macroeconomic and microeconomic processes are so closely interrelated that it is often difficult to separate them. The effectiveness of economists’ proposals and recommendations largely depends on how fully they are taken into account when analyzing the economy.

Economics is closely connected, and sometimes interacts, with legal sciences, sociology, economic psychology, labor physiology, etc. Economic science is the core of economic policy, if this policy strives to be scientifically based.

Informatization, globalization and development of the “knowledge economy”.

The development of information and communication systems at the end of the 20th century led to the globalization of world markets, where new technologies became the main factor in the development of countries. That is, society has moved to the “Knowledge Economy”

The knowledge economy is the highest stage of development post-industrial economy And innovation economy. The term knowledge economy is often used as a synonym for innovation economy. However, the knowledge economy is the highest stage of development of the innovation economy. And it is the basis, the foundation of a knowledge society or information society.

The main factor in the formation and development of the knowledge economy is human capital.

The knowledge economy is an economy where the main factors of development are knowledge and human capital. The process of development of such an economy lies in improving the quality of human capital, improving the quality of life, and producing knowledge high technology, innovation and high quality services.

Today, the production of knowledge and high technologies serves as the main source of economic growth in developed countries.

Knowledge Economy Infrastructure

The infrastructure of the knowledge economy includes the following main components and development drivers:

Effective government institutions that realize a high quality of life.

High quality education.

Effective basic science.

Effective scientific and technical venture business.

High quality human capital in its broad definition.

Production of knowledge and high technologies.

Information society or knowledge society.

Infrastructure for the implementation and transfer of ideas, inventions and discoveries from fundamental science to innovative industries and further to consumers.

The knowledge economy is characterized by a high index economic freedom, developed civil society and democracy, knowledge society.

Human capital in developed countries has become the main productive factor in the creation of new technologies, the development of production, increasing their efficiency, and the rapid development of science, culture, health care, safety, and the social sphere. From the UN Human Development Reports it follows that the share of human capital in such highly developed countries as the USA, Finland, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, etc., amounts to up to 80% of their national wealth.

The leading countries of the world have created close to optimal conditions for the rapid and effective implementation of scientists' ideas into specific goods and products. Exactly basic research, increased investments in human capital and the new breakthrough technologies generated by them provide the leading countries of the world with their leadership.

By the mid-80s of the 20th century, the USSR had exhausted the possibilities of industrial development itself within the framework of the command-administrative system. However, it was never possible to create an effective industrial economy. Labor productivity in the USSR was several times lower than in developed countries. She has not grown up in Russia to date either. The challenges of post-industrialism turned out to be too much for the clumsy socialist economy to handle. This was partly due to the systemic crisis of Soviet society, which provoked the collapse of the socialist system and the USSR.

Currently, the efficiency of production and the Russian economy remains at the level of the USSR. Russian human capital is also of insufficient quality.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Penza State Agricultural Academy"

Faculty of Economics

Department of Economic Theory

ABSTRACT

in Economic Theory

on the topic of: "Interdisciplinary connectionseconomic theory"

Completed:

Student of group 511 Dydochkina E.

Checked by: Barbashova S.A.

Introduction

Economic theory and semiotics

Economic theory and linguistics

Economic theory and logic

Economic theory and mathematics

Economic theory and psychology

Economic theory and political science

Economic theory and jurisprudence

Economic theory and history

Conclusion

Bibliography

INconducting

The economy defines the sphere of human life, which combines material production activities and the creation of services. The study of economics as a special sphere of human life requires an integrated approach and interaction of different sciences. Therefore, not only the knowledge previously developed by economic sciences is used, but also obtained by related natural and social sciences, among which sciences such as mathematics, computer science, psychology, political science, law, engineering, ecology, statistics and demography can be particularly highlighted. Interdisciplinarity makes it possible to transfer ideas and approaches that have proven successful in other scientific disciplines to economics, and to more clearly identify problems that other sciences have not encountered.

Recently, the interaction of economics and computer science has also begun to play an increasingly important role - modern information and telecommunication technologies are significantly changing both the methods of producing products and services, as well as the organization and forms of leisure, the exercise by a person of his civil rights, methods and forms of upbringing and education. They have a decisive impact on the social structure of society, the economy, politics, and the development of public institutions. There is an intensive process of formation of the global information economy, the transformation of e-commerce into the main means of doing business. A new type of society is emerging, in which information and knowledge become the main resource for further development. Russia, being part of the world community, is persistently introducing the latest infocommunication technologies. Now we can state that the information society for our country is increasingly turning from a dream into a reality.

Economic theory and semiotics

As is well known, science consists of separate disciplines. Explication of the structure of science, including its orderliness, is a direct path to clarifying its specifics. This orderliness is manifested, for example, in the fact that mathematics can be presented without reference to physics, but the latter requires mathematical constructs. Economic sciences need technical sciences, technical sciences need physics, physics needs mathematics, mathematics needs logic, logic needs linguistics, etc. The question naturally arises about the discipline that every researcher first encounters at the entrance to science. This question attracted the attention of many researchers, including Aristotle, the ancient Stoics, Occam, Fr. Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley. In connection with him, Leibniz expressed himself quite clearly: “If there were no symbolic expressions, we would never think or reason about anything.”

The question of the first science occupied the minds of many first-class researchers. For the outstanding American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), it became his life's work. According to his testimony, already at the age of 12 or 13 he realized that to understand any science, semiotics is needed (from the Greek semieotike - the study of signs). It was Peirce who was the first to transform semiotics into a harmonious science. Throughout his adult life, he realized a truly grandiose plan: to create a discipline that would ensure the steady progress of all sciences. The father of semiotics was clearly guided by ethical considerations in his research. However, starting directly to analyze the basic constructs of semiotics, we will have to abstract from them for a while. We will return to them when analyzing pragmatics.

So, economic theory is included in the scientific context due to its isomorphism with semiotics. This leads to a by no means trivial conclusion: when characterizing economic theory, firstly, one should be attentive to its semiotic “traces”; secondly, we must not avoid the currents of knowledge coming from semiotics, but, on the contrary, actively give them economic meaning

Economic theory and linguistics

Strictly speaking, semiotics does not regulate the form of existence of signs. As soon as it is defined in one specific form or another, the researcher immediately finds himself no longer in semiotics, but in some other science. Historically, the first forms of signs were words as elements of natural language. None of the sciences, including economics, can do without addressing its potential. However, as part of the sciences, language is present not in its original, poorly clarified forms, but in a significantly transformed form, because it is loaded with the meanings of the science within which it is entrusted to function. Like other scientists, it is advisable for an economist to be guided by certain scientific ideas about language, which are supplied by linguistics, or general linguistics. The path of development of linguistics passes through three stages, which are syntactics, semantics and pragmatics. This circumstance is constantly and, it must be said, quite rightly emphasized by Yu.S. Stepanov Linguistics did not reach the scientific stage, of course, immediately, but only thanks to the efforts of F. de Saussure. Saussure's decisive innovation was expressed primarily in the choice of a linguistic (linguistic) sign as the main linguistic construct. “The linguistic sign connects not a thing and its concept, but a concept and an acoustic image.” Saussure’s emphasis on the concept allowed him to give language a pronounced conceptual content. And it was thanks to this language that a conceptual, and, consequently, scientific and theoretical form was given.

Within the framework of linguopragmatics, the concept of language games has been developed. Wittgenstein understood the language game as a form of interpersonal communication, the rules of which cannot be specified with any exhaustiveness. The creativity of the speaker and writer always imparts unexpected features to the language game. In any field of knowledge, language games have some form of similarity, which Wittgenstein called “family resemblance.” Let us illustrate his philosophy with the following example. Microeconomics textbooks implement various shapes language games that are similar to each other, but their construction rules are not the same. Economists are not inclined to refuse the services of natural language, which is more variable than scientific language. This is how, in our opinion, the late Wittgenstein could have reasoned. As for his neo-positivist colleagues, they characterized natural language in a condescending manner.

Our final conclusion is this. The methodology of economic theory begins to decisively turn towards linguistic issues; therefore, she will have to develop strong interdisciplinary connections with her.

Economic theory and logic

No theory can do without logic. J.S. understood this very well. Mill, who developed parallel logical and economic theories. K. Marx relied in his research on the dialectical logic of G. Hegel. Mention of the works of two prominent economists forces us to draw a distinction between formal logic and so-called philosophical logic. A number of philosophical and logical systems include: Kant's transcendental logic, Hegel's dialectical logic, Husserl's phenomenological logic. A number of systems of formal logic begin with Aristotelian logic and culminate today in systems of modal, intensional and other non-traditional logical theories. In this section we are interested in formal logics, which in their totality form what is commonly called simply “logic”. Philosophical logical systems belong to philosophy; turning to them would lead us into philosophy, which is undesirable. Logic itself acts as the implementation of a certain calculus, carried out in symbolic form and acting as a construction of formal languages through the concepts of logical truth, implication, general validity, decidability, computability, consistency, and completeness.

In what respect is logic interesting to an economist and is it really necessary for him? The fact is that understanding the scientific status of economic theory presupposes its logical analysis. Question: what is the logic of economic theory? - is far from meaningless. Economists need to understand how argumentation works in economic theory. Clarification of the formal structure of economic theory allows us to overcome the naive methodological position, according to which this theory should be perceived as intuitively given, and nothing more. Having determined the immediate goal, we have to admit that until the 1960s. logic did not have in its arsenal the means to clarify the logical status of economic theory, and here’s why. The fact is that, having achieved impressive success in logical syntactics, i.e. in propositional logic, and logical semantics (especially after the 1930s), she was not able to strictly define logical pragmatics. But economic theory is a pragmatic concept. To approach it with the standards of semantic theory means to distort its essence. The fear of “Hume's guillotine” fettered logicians no less than economists. Many of them believed that logic can describe in a formal and symbolic form only what is, but not what should be.

Economic theory and mathematics

It is hardly possible to imagine modern economic theory without its connection with mathematics, especially with mathematical analysis, operations research, and various types of mathematical programming. However, this union is not without numerous problematic issues. First, let's focus on two frequently discussed issues. Why is mathematics so effective in the field of economics? Why is the intensive mathematization of economic theory associated with numerous failures and costs? In search of answers to both of these questions, let us turn first of all to the subject of mathematics. Its most popular definition belongs to N. Bourbaki (the collective name of a group of French mathematicians): “Mathematics appears to be an accumulation of abstract forms - mathematical structures.”

Modern methodological literature condemns the increasing attempts at unsuccessful mathematization of economic theory. E.V. speaks very clearly on this matter. Balatsky: “Currently, it can be argued that the cause and at the same time the consequence of the progress of economic science lies in its widespread mathematization.”

As a rule, solving an economic and mathematical problem involves: a) developing an algorithm for solving it; b) creation of an appropriate program; c) its implementation on a computer; d) interpretation of the acquired new knowledge. The continuous growth of computer speed is accompanied by new waves of mathematization and informatization of economic science. Several decades ago it seemed that mathematization and informatization of economic science were mainly necessary to give a formal form to its laws. In the last three decades, the situation has changed dramatically: it is thanks to the successes of computational mathematics and computer science that the experimental level of economic science has reached previously unprecedented heights. It is largely determined by the successes of econometrics and economic-mathematical statistics, which are now put on computer tracks.

Let us also note that the comprehensive mathematization and informatization of economic science is accompanied by an avalanche-like increase in the number of problems that require philosophical understanding. The economic community will certainly someday realize that it must create a whole complex of philosophical disciplines, such as, for example, the philosophy of econometrics, the philosophy of economic statistics, the philosophy of economic synergetics, without which the understanding of fundamental problems remains in an intuitive shell.

Economic theory and psychology

economics science interdisciplinarity

Award Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978 to G. Simon (for his pioneering studies of decision making within economic enterprises), and in 2002 to D. Kahneman (for the integration of the results of psychological research into economic science, primarily in the field of judgment and decision-making under conditions of uncertainty) was a very clear confirmation of the rarely disputed position about the importance of psychology for economic science. A number of authors have shown that decision-making mechanisms vary from one situation to another. It is believed that it is hardly possible to take into account all variations within one solution path. Simon put forward the principle of satisfaction as a counterweight to the neoclassical principle of utility maximization. “Firms will strive to achieve satisfaction rather than maximization” People try to satisfy their aspirations. This phenomenon, they say, is not taken into account by classical economic theory. Kahneman and Tversky drew attention to the normative nature of the principle of utility maximization; It is necessary to study the decision-making process that is not just declared, but actually takes place. Within the framework of the prospect theory they developed, certain surprises were also revealed: most people, especially in conditions of uncertainty and risk, are concerned about the possibility of deviation from the initial state, they are less inclined to incur losses than to receive a gain with the same degree of probability, and are guided by psychological heuristics. techniques, react to ways of formulating problems (framing effect). Thus, many authors believe that psychology should be included in economics. This opinion does not seem indisputable.

Unfortunately, as a rule, it is not accompanied by any thorough analysis of the status of psychology and the nature of its interdisciplinary connections with economic science. So, to begin with, it makes sense to turn to psychology itself.

We see the relevance of the interaction between psychology and economic theory in the development of the mental level of economic theory. It is obvious that without it, economic theory exists in a significantly reduced form. Of course, the development of economic psychology raises the question of the relationship between different levels of economic theory in a fundamentally new way.

Economic theory and political science

The connection between economic theory and political theory has a long history. During the time of A. Smith, J. Mill, K. Marx and until the end of the 19th century. all economic theory was considered a political discipline. The term " political Economy"expressed the syncretic unity of economic theory and political science. The comprehensive development of the economic mainstream and its characteristic analytical apparatus led in the first half of the 20th century. to a clear identification of two fundamentally different types of social sciences, economic and political. Since the late 1950s. the union of economics and political science is given new impetus. Thanks to the efforts of J. Buchanan, G. Tullock, E. Datsis, M. Olson, B. Weingast, K. Shepsle, the authority of a new discipline - political economy (or the theory of public choice) is rapidly growing. This time we are not talking about the syncretic unity of economic and political sciences, but about establishing well-meaning interdisciplinary connections between them. Researchers had to focus their attention on the features of methodological approaches used in the social sciences. Both sides, economists and political scientists, agree that the methodological initiative comes from economists.

Many economists strive to transfer their usual methodological guidelines into political science. In this regard, it is customary to talk about “economic imperialism,” according to which “the economic approach is comprehensive, it is applicable to everything human everywhere.” The core of this approach, according to G. Becker, is formed by “connected assumptions about maximizing behavior, market equilibrium and stability of preferences.” He believes that it is the economic approach that marks the uniformity of the sciences of human behavior. According to J. Hirshleifer, “there is only a single social science. The imperialist aggressive power of the economy ensures the universal applicability of our analytical categories - scarcity, price, preferences, opportunity."

In conclusion, I want to touch on one more aspect of the relationship between economic and political science. It is mentioned last, but in importance it is perhaps fundamental. In most cases, the connection between economics and political science is realized through the operation of value imputation. Economists attribute their values to political realities. Political scientists act in a similar way, attributing the values of political science to economic realities. Going beyond the boundaries of their sciences, economists and political scientists consider the external environment as a symbolic, iconic existence of their own values. It is value imputation that links economics and political science into a single whole.

Economic theory and jurisprudence

The methodology of “economic imperialism” was extended not only to political science, but also to legal science. Dissatisfied with the state of jurisprudence, on behalf of which they were offered recipes that did not ensure the progress of economic theory, economists decided to study legal subjects using methods and techniques well known to them. On this path, naturally, there were also a number of concepts.

First of all, we note that the subject of further analysis is the relationship between economic theory and jurisprudence, or jurisprudence. Many authors, without any explanation, parallel economic theory not with jurisprudence, but with law. At the same time, the importance of the principle of theoretical relativity is clearly underestimated. Law without jurisprudence is a Kantian “thing in itself,” transcendental in relation to the cognizing subject.

Unfortunately, the question of the influence of jurisprudence on economic science has not yet received any thorough development. In my opinion, certain hopes can be placed on the principle of responsibility. There is a widespread view in jurisprudence that the principle of responsibility is associated with the understanding of exclusively illegal actions. With this interpretation of the principle of responsibility, it determines the limits of what is permissible under these laws, the possible harm of which is not discussed at all. It seems to us that the principle of responsibility as part of any science is intended to ensure the growth of scientific knowledge. He must put a barrier to conservatism, ossification, and routinism. This means, in particular, that the conflict between normativism and decisionism mentioned above must be overcome. The current task is to combine their advantages. Establishing and ensuring the functioning of the legal powers of economic actors requires a deep understanding of economic theory. The principle of legal responsibility in relation to economics aims to ensure economic efficiency.

Economic theory and history

Hardly anyone doubts that there is a close connection between economics and history. But many experts find it quite strange. It sometimes comes to denying the fruitfulness of interdisciplinary connections between the two theories. N. Crafts complains that in Great Britain, economic historians, in view of the classification of their science - cliometrics - as a historical science, have to seek recognition from historians who, alas, do not have economic training. Economists are “trained to neglect economic history, probably many years ago having taken a rambling course on the subject that they felt was being taught simply out of tradition rather than to teach them anything needed to solve problems in their own field of interest.”

Of course, it is wrong to connect the fate of economic history, or more precisely the history of economic doctrines, exclusively with the study of the past. Anyone who thinks differently inevitably reproduces the weaknesses of preteritism. Any economic theory makes its contribution to the development of the historical series and the scientific structure of theories. In this respect, the history of economic doctrines, of course, is no exception; Moreover, it takes part in giving economic theory a global evolutionary form in the most distinct form. Unfortunately, many of the existing historical and economic courses do not give any accurate idea of the painstaking work, especially due to the difficulties of empirical testing of hypotheses that economic histories conduct

As for the relapses in including the history of economic theories into the so-called historical science, they indicate a certain confusion. What is usually characterized by the laconic term “history” is, in its essence, general history. Economic phenomena, in all their diversity, are studied by a complex of economic sciences. As such, there are economic but not historical phenomena. It remains up to history to generalize the achievements and failures of the social sciences, which is certainly accompanied by the strengthening of its relative independence. The status of historical science does not remain unchanged. With the development of social sciences, including economics, political science and sociology, and the establishment of disciplines within them that study the genesis of relevant theories and phenomena, the status of historical science changes and becomes more methodological. It seems to me that a productive interdisciplinary connection between economic and historical sciences can be established precisely through methodological channels.

Conclusion

So, economic sciences intensively interact with others; the interaction between “economics-mathematics” and “economics-informatics” is very relevant at present.

Modern economics is characterized by the extensive use of mathematics, statistics and econometrics. The expanded use of mathematical methods in recent years is also due to the spread of personal computers and their widespread use in economic practice. The use of mathematical methods in unity with economic analysis opens up new opportunities for economic science and practice. Any economic research always involves the combination of theory (economic model) and practice (statistical data). Theoretical models are used to describe and explain observed processes, and statistical data are used to empirically construct and justify models.

When studying various economic phenomena, their formal descriptions, called economic models. Formalization of the main features of the functioning of economic objects makes it possible to assess the possible state of the objects and use such assessments in management, in particular, to predict the future behavior of the object when any parameters change. For anyone economic object being able to predict a situation means getting better results or avoiding losses.

The most important problem in enterprise management is the timely adoption of the right decisions in connection with changes in the economic situation. At the same time, economic systems and objects can be represented in a fairly strict mathematical form, i.e. formalized. Therefore, situations that arise in the practical activities of enterprises can be modeled, and the most appropriate solutions for their management can be obtained from an analysis of the modeling results. Mastery of methods for modeling economic systems and making optimal decisions on enterprise management based on them is a necessary condition for ensuring their functioning

Mathematical methods allow you to organize the system economic information, identify gaps in available information and develop requirements for training new information or its adjustments. The development and application of economic and mathematical models indicate ways to improve economic information aimed at solving a specific system of planning and management problems. Progress in information support for planning and management is based on rapidly developing technical and software tools of computer science.

Formalization economic tasks and the use of computer technology greatly speeds up standard, mass calculations, increases accuracy and reduces labor intensity, and allows for multivariate economic justification complex activities that are inaccessible under the dominance of “manual” technology. Thanks to the application of the modeling method, the capabilities of specific quantitative analysis are significantly enhanced; study of many factors influencing economic processes, quantitative assessment of the consequences of changes in the conditions for the development of economic objects, etc.

It is known that the use of only mathematical methods, for all their usefulness and necessity, often creates the illusion of accuracy and completeness of economic theory and the ability to draw unambiguous conclusions, just as is the case in research in physics or chemistry. But, as is known, in economic theory, along with the existence of generally accepted relationships and principles of approach to the analysis of economic realities, there is a large number of controversial issues for which there are no clear conclusions.

The scope of practical application of the modeling method is limited by the capabilities and effectiveness of formalizing economic problems and situations, as well as the state of information, mathematical, and technical support of the models used. In accordance with modern scientific ideas, systems for developing and making business decisions should combine formal and informal methods, mutually reinforcing and complementary to each other. Formal methods are, first of all, a means of scientifically based preparation of material for human actions in management processes. This makes it possible to productively use a person’s experience and intuition, his ability to solve poorly formalized problems.

Currently, one of the tasks of economic science is to correctly determine the real place and prospects of the network economy in the global economic system. The sphere of the Internet economy continues to remain poorly studied, including due to the high degree of innovation of the mechanisms involved in it. The political and socio-cultural consequences of the formation of a unified information and economic system. In particular, great expectations are associated with the modernization of labor relations by giving them network forms. Today, in the field of using remote contacts between employers and performers, there is an active development of technical means and the formation of norms of behavior of the parties that are adequate to new opportunities.

All this means the emergence of both positive and negative aspects. We can expect that in the near future, for the bulk of the population in countries with a dominant network economy, life will become cheaper and will provide more opportunities for people’s self-realization. On the other hand, competition will become tougher and will require additional efforts to master new principles of survival in the network economy.

We should also expect the emergence of a new factor of socio-economic inequality: those who have better access to the network and are better adapted to its features will receive advantages over others.

The advent of the network economy looks like an inevitability, since in its niche it is more effective than other known forms of management organization. It is possible and necessary to foresee possible economic and social benefits and losses in the process of forming an effective management strategy based on further research into the properties of the network economy and the processes of globalization of the information and economic system

Bibliography

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2. Fomin G.P. Mathematical methods and models in commercial activities. - M.: Finance and Statistics. - 2001. - 544 p.

3. Zamkov O.O., Tolstopyatenko A.V., Cheremnykh Yu.N. Mathematical methods in economics. / Under the general editorship of Sidorovich A.V. - M.: Publishing house “Delo and Service”. - 2004. - 368 p.

4. Sukharev O.S. Information sector of the economy: development problems. // Investments in Russia. - 2006. - No. 8.

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