Like any other industry, oil and gas production is constantly being modernized through the introduction of advanced innovative technologies. This allows you to increase the productivity of enterprises in this sector and almost completely automate many production processes.
Innovations in the oil and gas complex
Innovations used in the oil and gas complex affect not only the final financial indicators work of enterprises, but also on the condition national economy generally.
Innovative activities in this area are aimed not only at developing new methods for extracting raw materials, but also improving the safety of production processes. It includes finding new ways to monitor the integrity of substances, creating advanced control and maintenance systems.
Many oil and gas industry enterprises operate in extreme conditions. For example, there is active oil production on offshore platforms where weather conditions are often unpredictable.
However, scientists manage to introduce innovations even into such complex production processes. For example, fiber-optic sensor systems are now being actively developed to increase the stability of drilling platforms.
Innovative equipment and technologies for the oil and gas complex
The state energy strategy program involves the modernization of technological support for all sectors of production, including oil and gas complex. As part of this program, resource-saving and energy-saving technologies are annually introduced into the work of enterprises in this sector, allowing them to minimize production costs.
The equipment of oil and gas plants is also being updated. Modern technologies allow the production of systems and devices that are capable of working with complex polymer materials in different conditions external environment.
Work and service in the oil and gas complex
Uninterrupted operation of oil and gas enterprises is impossible without the participation of various specialists. Employees working in this field of activity solve a wide range of diverse tasks. Their responsibilities include diagnostics of process equipment, their repair or installation, and provision of quality service to consumers of oil products and gas.
Specialists who have received education in the specialty “Service in the oil and gas complex” can work in various manufacturing enterprises. They can engage in activities such as conducting scientific experiments, monitoring the quality of customer service, and organizing preventive inspections of equipment.
Working in the oil and gas complex involves conducting active research and developing new concepts to improve the efficiency of the enterprise.
Oil and gas complex of Russia
The oil and gas complex plays an important role in the Russian economy. It is in close relationship with other production sectors, for example, with the engineering complex.
Russia has sufficient hydrocarbon resources, which not only fully satisfy the country's own needs for raw materials, but are also successfully exported to foreign countries.
Russia is one of the main oil-producing states in the world. The extraction of valuable raw materials takes place on the territory of 35 regions. However, the level of technical equipment of many oil refineries leaves much to be desired.
This is why the state needs to develop targeted programs on financing this sector. In addition, it is necessary to introduce innovative technologies into the oil and gas industry that make it possible to most effectively solve the problems of energy security and resource conservation.
Enterprises of the Russian oil and gas complex
The oil industry of our country is represented by various processing enterprises and companies for the sale and transportation of petroleum products. The oil and gas complex includes about 20 large plants that produce over one million tons of products every year.
About 240 Russian companies specialize in oil production. Today, the oil and gas complex is based on several largest corporations, including Lukoil, Rosneft, and Gazprom. Major oil giants are engaged not only in the extraction and refining of oil, but also in its sale to end consumers.
The oil and gas industry includes enterprises specializing in the production, transportation and storage of natural gas.
Logistics and economics of the oil and gas complex
The logistics chain in the oil and gas complex ensures the transportation of oil and petroleum products, natural and associated gas. The priority areas for the development of the modern oil and gas industry are to reduce the costs that may arise when delivering such raw materials to the final point.
The cost problem that inevitably arises in in this case, must be addressed comprehensively. The state needs to introduce technologies that will improve the quality of oil pipelines and modernize methods of storing raw materials.
The logistics of the oil and gas complex is directly related to its economic component. The efficiency of oil production and oil refining enterprises depends on the success of solving transport problems. Thus, measures must be taken to ensure strict control of the flow of materials and supplies of large enterprises in the industry.
Ecology and environmental protection in the oil and gas complex
The activities of oil and gas enterprises should not contradict the basic norms of environmental legislation. In Russia, as in other countries, there are environmentally significant territories near which large industrial facilities cannot be built.
These areas include:
- unique landscapes;
- habitats of rare animal species;
- ecological corridors connecting protected areas (rivers, canals, lakes);
- various natural complexes.
Most of these territories have not only national, but also international environmental status. The design of oil and gas pipelines must be carried out in such a way that the route does not intersect with key protected areas.
Safety rules for offshore oil and gas facilities
Offshore oil and gas complex facilities must operate in strict accordance with federal legislation.
The design and construction of such industrial facilities should take into account:
- legal requirements in relation to urban planning;
- fire safety;
- measures to protect the population from emergency situations.
Certain requirements are imposed on the operation of offshore oil bases. It is necessary to annually inspect the support part of the offshore oil and gas facility to determine the extent of the impact of ice formations. Repair of pipelines can only be carried out after a thorough examination of the tank farm by automated equipment or divers. After major renovation is completed, the pipeline must be tested for strength and tightness.
All meteorological information received by oil depot employees must be recorded in a special log.
Oil and gas companies at the exhibition
International exhibition "Oil and Gas" is held with the participation of companies from around the world. Large Russian and foreign enterprises in the oil and gas industry participate in this event.
The main issues that are addressed at the exhibition are:
- conducting geological research;
- construction of offshore oil and gas wells;
- operation of oil pipelines;
- creation of tank farms;
- automated systems for mechanization of drilling processes.
During the work of the insert, issues of environmental safety and labor protection are discussed.
Exhibition participants - representatives of production, delivery and processing companies - will present reports on innovative technologies in the oil and gas sector.
These days, Moscow is hosting the most important international exhibition and conference “Oil and Gas 2015” (MIOGE 2015) for the Russian oil and gas industry.
An integral part of the program of industry dialogue and exhibition of technological innovations in the industry was the participation of Skolkovo oil and gas projects and the management of the EET cluster.
The essence of one of the main problems of the oil and gas industry (very simplified, of course) comes down to the following simple fact: oil fields Western Siberia, which for a long time were the main breadbasket of Russia (Samotlor, Romashkovskoye, Langepas, Kogalym, Urai and a number of others, mainly located in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug) can no longer be so. There are many reasons, the main ones being depletion and watering. At the same time, new large promising deposits are far away, in hard-to-reach and harsh places Eastern Siberia and the Arctic Basin. Their extraction is becoming more and more expensive. At the MIOGE conference, in particular, within the framework of the session “Oil and gas industry: new challenges and new prospects” (Vice President, Executive Director Skolkovo EET cluster Nikolay Grachev) it was said that the completely profitable operation of the West Siberian oil and gas “breadbasket” could still be extended by 70-80 years. Nature is generous to us, but we need to introduce fundamentally new technologies, innovative solutions of the 21st century that will allow us to use this generosity effectively and without harming the environment.
Working on complex fields that require non-standard breakthrough technologies is one of the “mega-niches” in which innovative companies could fit perfectly. Sergei Grachev believes that for this (among other things), it is necessary, firstly, for oil and gas companies to turn to and demand the potential of innovators, which still remains higher than demand. And, on the other hand (a completely understandable requirement), oil and gas vertically integrated oil companies that own licenses for old fields must find the opportunity and provide unexploited wells for testing new technologies aimed at increasing oil recovery.
We need testing grounds for testing new geological exploration technologies (and the Ministry of Energy, by the way, once promised to help with this issue), in addition, it is necessary to expand the practice of more active licensing to small innovative companies. It was also noted that the industry today requires self-regulation in small and medium-sized oil and gas businesses, which has already proven its viability and reality in practice. Such innovative companies were quite widely represented at the exhibition, there was plenty to choose from: the Skolkovo stand was symbolically located in the center of the “innovation” one, 2 pavilions of the exhibition and the author counted 11 exhibitors there. These include both already fairly well-known industries and completely new projects, including: Novas Sk, Wormwholes, Polyinform, Geosteering Technologies, ENGO Engineering, NGT, Axel (new resident of the EET cluster), “Unique fiber devices”, “Petroleum Technology”.
And this year for the first time, together with the EET cluster, the “Hydrocarbon Production Center” of the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology was presented. “At the exhibition, our center presented information about Skoltech, new promising projects carried out by the center, innovative research and its educational program. Visitors to the exhibition showed particular interest in the center’s research and development in the field of exploration and production of unconventional oil and gas fields. The most important topic for visitors was the discussion innovative approach to education at Skoltech and to the prospects opening up for students and researchers in the center of hydrocarbon production. Center employees discussed possible joint projects with industry representatives and got acquainted with technological trends and challenges in the oil and gas industry,” Alexey Cheremisin, Deputy Director of the Central Research Institute for Experimental Research, Skoltech Center for Hydrocarbon Production, told Sk.ru.
Marat Zaidullin, head of the Oil and Gas Center of the Energy Efficient Technologies Cluster of the Skolkovo Foundation, noting the role of Skoltech in the exposition, also emphasized in an interview with Sk.ru that Skolkovo projects performed well at the forum and attracted the attention of visitors (including foreign ones), as well as industry management : the exhibition was visited by Kirill Molodtsov, deputy. Minister of Energy of Russia. Molodtsov oversees the production and transportation department, as well as the oil and gas refining department at the Ministry of Energy. The official of the Ministry of Energy, according to Zaidullin, paid serious attention to several participants in the EET of the Skolkovo cluster, including the ENGO Engineering company, as well as the newcomer to the Axel cluster, asked to inform the ministry about the development of projects, and also invited young engineers to participate in other forums.
"We are going to form a whole cluster of oil service companies around Skolkovo, which will provide a full range of support services, geological exploration and well drilling, and we have a good basis for this, while a number of our residents are working on unique technologies that were previously available only in the import mode,” said Marat Zaydullin. The name of the oil and gas center that Marat Zaidullin spoke about was demonstrated to MIOGE visitors (as one of the names reflected in the design of the Skolkovo stand). On the second day of the forum, Nikolay Grachev, speaking at the forum conference, introduced the Oil and Gas Center to oil and gas workers, announcing it for the first time at a high industry level.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
UFA STATE OIL
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT IN ENTERPRISES
OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
COURSE WORK
by discipline
Enterprise economy
on the topic
INNOVATION ACTIVITY
IN THE OIL AND GAS COMPLEX
COMPLETED
UFA 2006
INTRODUCTION
Much has already been said about the difficulties in developing innovative activity in our country. Indeed, there are legal, financial, organizational and other shortcomings in ensuring the process of creating new products based on the results of research and development. It should be noted that a lot is being done, first of all, through the efforts and initiative of the Russian Ministry of Industry and Science to develop innovation infrastructure.
At the same time, the experience of countries in which, from our point of view, these issues have been resolved incomparably better, shows that there is a constant need to improve legislation and come up with more and more effective ways of government support for innovation. The development of the institutional environment is a constant process.
From an institutional point of view, the environment is a certain set of political, social and legal rules within which the processes of production and exchange take place. Of particular importance are such institutions as traditions, customs, and not just legal norms themselves.
In high-risk innovative activities, much is determined by building a balance of interests of the participants in the process, which is not only the result of contractual relations, but also the result of established expectations, an established understanding of fairness in the distribution of future income. Whatever the experts’ arguments, if the participants in the process do not believe these explanations, then cooperation will not work out. Therefore, the most important is the cultural aspect of an adequate understanding of their own interests by participants in the innovation process.
There are six main groups of participants in the innovation process: authors of developments; heads of scientific and technical organizations; managers who formulate business proposals and manage projects; officials who make decisions about state support; strategic partners, incorporating innovation into their strategy and investors taking real risks.
In our country, the culture of innovation is at the initial stage of its development, and, unfortunately, almost every participant can be said to have an inadequate understanding of their true interests. This is not only about incompetence, but also about the real contradictions that the process of commercializing research results entails.
1. INNOVATION ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE
1.1 Basic concepts of innovation activity
In the world economic literature, “innovation” is interpreted as the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real progress, embodied in new products and technologies. The issue of innovation in our country has been developed over the years within the framework of economic research NTP.
The term “innovation” has become actively used in transition economy Russia, both independently and to designate a number of related concepts: “innovation activity”, “innovation process”, “innovation solution”, etc.
The innovative activity of an enterprise is a system of measures to use scientific, scientific-technical and intellectual potential in order to obtain a new or improved product or service, a new method of their production to satisfy both individual demand and the needs of society for innovations as a whole.
The feasibility of choosing a method and option for technical and technological renewal depends on specific situation, the nature of the innovation, its compliance with the profile, resource and scientific-technical potential of the enterprise, market requirements, stages of the life cycle of equipment and technology, and industry characteristics.
The innovative activities of the enterprise in the development, implementation, development and commercialization of innovations include:
– carrying out research and design work to develop innovation ideas, conduct laboratory research, produce laboratory samples of new products, types of new equipment, new designs and products;
– selection of necessary types of raw materials and supplies for the manufacture of new types of products;
– development of a technological process for manufacturing new products;
– design, manufacturing, testing and development of samples of new equipment necessary for the manufacture of products;
– development and implementation of new organizational and management solutions aimed at implementing innovations;
– research, development or acquisition of necessary information resources and information support innovation;
– preparation, training, retraining and special methods of recruiting personnel necessary for R&D;
– carrying out work or acquiring the necessary documentation for licensing, patenting, acquiring know-how;
– organizing and conducting marketing research to promote innovation, etc.
A set of managerial, technological and economic methods, ensuring the development, creation and implementation of innovations, represents the innovation policy of the enterprise. Its goal is to provide the enterprise with significant advantages over competing firms and ultimately increase the profitability of production and sales.
The motives for innovation activity are both external and internal factors. The most common external motives are:
– the need to adapt the enterprise to new economic conditions;
– changes in tax, monetary and financial policy;
– improvement and dynamics of sales markets and consumer preferences, that is, demand pressure;
– activation of competitors;
– market fluctuations;
– structural industry changes;
– the emergence of new cheap resources, the expansion of the market for production factors, that is, supply pressure, etc.
The internal motives of the innovative activity of the enterprise are:
– desire to increase sales volume;
– expansion of market share, transition to new markets;
– improving the competitiveness of the enterprise;
– economic security And financial stability enterprises;
– maximizing profits in the long term.
To develop the innovative activity of the enterprise important have quantitative and qualitative indicators:
– material and technical, characterizing the level of development of R&D, the availability of experimental equipment, materials, instruments, office equipment, computers, automatic devices, etc.;
– personnel, characterizing the composition, quantity, structure, qualifications of personnel serving R&D;
– scientific and theoretical, reflecting the results of exploratory and fundamental theoretical research underlying the scientific foundation available at the enterprise;
– information characterizing the state of information resources, scientific and technical information, current scientific periodicals, scientific and technical documentation in the form of reports, regulations, technical projects and other design documentation;
– organizational and managerial, including the necessary methods of organizing and managing R&D, innovative projects, information flows;
– innovative, characterizing the science intensity, novelty and priority of the work being carried out, as well as intellectual product in the form of patents, licenses, know-how, rationalization proposals, inventions, etc.;
– market ones, assessing the level of competitiveness of innovations, the presence of demand, orders for R&D, necessary marketing activities to promote innovations to the market;
– economic, showing the economic efficiency of innovations, costs of research, market value intellectual products; indicators that assess the value of both own and third-party patents, licenses, know-how and other types of intellectual property;
– financial, characterizing investments in innovations and their effectiveness.
1.2 Types of innovations and their classification
Innovation management can be successful subject to long-term study of innovations, which is necessary for their selection and use. First of all, it is necessary to distinguish between innovations and minor changes in products and technological processes(for example, aesthetic changes, i.e. color, etc.); minor technical or external changes in products that leave the design unchanged and do not have a sufficiently noticeable impact on the parameters, properties, cost of the product, as well as the materials and components included in it; expansion of the product range by mastering the production of products that were not previously produced at this enterprise, but are already known on the market, with the goal. Meeting current demand and increasing enterprise income.
The novelty of innovations is assessed based on technological parameters, as well as from market positions. Taking this into account, a classification of innovations is constructed.
Depending on technological parameters, innovations are divided into product and process.
Product innovations include the use of new materials, new semi-finished products and components; obtaining fundamentally new products. Process innovation means new methods of organizing production (new technologies). Process innovation can be associated with the creation of new organizational structures as part of an enterprise (firm).
Based on the type of novelty for the market, innovations are divided into: new to the industry in the world; new to the industry in the country; new to of this enterprise(groups of enterprises).
If we consider an enterprise (firm) as a system, we can distinguish:
1. Innovation at the entrance to the enterprise (changes in the selection and use of raw materials, materials, machinery and equipment, information, etc.);
2. Innovations coming out of the enterprise (products, services, technologies, information, etc.);
3. Innovation of the system structure of the enterprise (managerial, production, technological).
Depending on the depth of changes introduced, innovations are distinguished: radical (basic); improving; modification (private).
The listed types of innovations differ from each other in the degree of coverage of life cycle stages.
Russian scientists from the Research Institute for System Research (RNIISI) have developed an expanded classification of innovations, taking into account the areas of activity of the enterprise, in which innovations are highlighted: technological; production; economic; trading; social; in the field of management.
Enough full classification innovations were proposed by A.I. Prigozhin:
1. By prevalence: single; diffuse.
Diffusion is the dissemination of an innovation that has already been mastered in new conditions or on new objects of implementation. It is thanks to diffusion that the transition occurs from a single introduction of innovation to innovation on an economy-wide scale.
2. By place in the production cycle: raw materials; providing (binding); grocery.
3. By succession: replacing; canceling; returnable; opening; retrointroduction.
4. By coverage: local; systemic; strategic.
5. In terms of innovative potential and degree of novelty: radical; combinatorial; improving.
The last two directions of the classification, taking into account the scale and novelty of innovation, the intensity of innovative change, most express the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of innovation and are important for economic assessment their consequences and rationale for management decisions.
The original innovative observation was made by N.D. Kondratiev in the 20s, who discovered the existence of the so-called “ large cycles"or, as they are called abroad, "long waves". N.D. Kondratiev pointed out the existence of a relationship between long waves and technical development production, bringing into the analysis data on scientific and technological discoveries, showing the wave-like nature of their dynamics. He explored the dynamics of innovation, distinguishing it from discoveries and inventions. The dynamics of innovations are studied in the context of the phases of a large cycle. In the studies of N. D. Kondratiev, the foundations of the so-called cluster approach. N. D. Kondratiev showed that innovations are distributed unevenly over time, appearing in groups, that is, in modern terms, clusters. The recommendations of N. D. Kondratiev can be used in developing an innovation strategy.
2. SOURCES OF INNOVATION IN THE OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION SECTOR
2.1 Development path Russian economy
It is a widely held point of view that further development Russian economy is possible: either (as before) based on the use of raw material potential; or (as an alternative) based on the accelerated growth of the knowledge-intensive, high-tech sector.
At the same time, it is believed that the first path is “defective”, leading to Russia’s technological lag behind the developed countries of the world, to increasing our economic dependence.
The second path in modern conditions is a priori considered more preferable, since it is associated primarily with the use of the country’s intellectual potential.
However, such a simplified opposition between the two approaches is completely inappropriate for at least two reasons.
The development of the national economy must be carried out on the basis of the rational, effective use of all growth factors, and one factor cannot be pitted against others. What is needed is a thoughtful combination (balance) of all available factors that meets specific historical, economic and political conditions.
In modern conditions, the mineral resources sector of the economy (primarily the oil and gas industry) has ceased to be “simple” in technological terms. The extraction of raw materials is carried out using increasingly complex technologies, into the creation of which many billions of dollars are invested and on which the intellectual forces of many countries around the world are working. Therefore, we can say with complete confidence that every year oil, gas and other raw materials are becoming increasingly knowledge-intensive products.
When choosing priorities for socio-economic development in the 21st century, there is and cannot be room for a simplified opposition between two approaches: high-tech and raw materials. The development of the national economy should be carried out on the basis of the rational, effective use of all growth factors: natural, economic, intellectual. One cannot pit one factor against another. What is needed is a thoughtful combination (balance) of all available growth factors that meets the specific historical, economic and political conditions of a particular country.
Hardly in modern world you can find at least one country with rich natural resources that would voluntarily refuse to develop them. Therefore, the socio-economic development of Russia in the future should be associated with the use of the enormous natural potential that our country has. The only question is how to develop the existing natural resource potential?
Should we rely only on what is given by nature itself, in the hope of high “natural” competitiveness of resources?
Or to ensure that mastery natural resources(primarily oil and gas) would become truly effective and would serve as the basis for changing the pace and quality of growth throughout the economy.
The first path is “forbidden” for us, if only for the simple reason that Russia is not Kuwait. Neither in their concentration nor in their quality are our hydrocarbon resources suitable for seriously considering them as “soil” for the comfortable existence of such a huge country. Consequently, there is no alternative to the second path, which involves dynamic and civilized (based on market principles in combination with effective government regulation) development of the mineral resources sector of the economy in the interests of the whole society.
2.2 Strengthening the innovative role of oil and gas resources
There are a number of circumstances under the influence of which the innovative value of oil and gas resources increases from year to year:
– depletion and deterioration of oil and gas reserves in many countries of the world (Russia, USA, Canada, Norway, Great Britain, etc.);
– the increasing “threat” of the emergence and development of alternative energy sources;
– increasing instability of the global energy market, in which downward and upward trends often replace each other in an unpredictable order;
– tightening the institutional framework for development oil and gas sector, which is primarily due to the increase in the “value” of property rights to oil and gas resources.
And although these factors do not affect the development of the oil and gas sector to the same extent in different countries world, their effect is widespread and primarily causes increased competition between producers in its most varied forms:
– price competition;
– struggle to capture markets;
– competition for the right to access oil and gas resources.
In modern conditions, real and sustainable competitive advantages are obtained by those manufacturers who achieve constant cost reduction (at least relative - in comparison with competitors). In turn, sustainable cost reduction is ensured through constant updating of technologies along the entire chain of movement of oil and gas resources, from exploration of reserves to sales of final products to consumers.
Russian producers, wittingly or unwittingly, are forced to participate in competition both on “their” territory and beyond its borders, and therefore are forced to join the “permanent technological revolution” that is taking place in the global oil and gas industry. To assess the possibilities of Russia’s participation in this process, it is necessary to first find answers to three questions:
What are the nature and intensity of the action of specific “innovation-stimulating” factors, and what are their total balance in the national oil and gas sector?
To what level competitive advantages should we strive for?
What is the current framework and what are our future opportunities for technological innovation in the oil and gas sector?
The last issue requires the closest attention, since in the last 10-12 years the processes of technological renewal in the oil and gas sector have slowed down sharply, and the scientific and innovative potential of the country has been significantly undermined.
2.3 Innovative development
Over the past 20-30 years, commitment to innovation has been a general trend in the development of the global oil and gas industry (especially in industrialized countries). But this does not mean that all oil and gas producing countries operate according to a single pattern. There are different approaches and models. The choice of a specific model in a particular country depends on many factors: the level and nature of development of the national economy, the “age” of the oil and gas sector, the socio-political situation, national goals and priorities, the mentality of the nation, etc.
As two extreme alternatives, we can name models of innovative development of the oil sector that have developed, on the one hand, in Great Britain, and on the other, in Norway:
in the United Kingdom (first model), the world's leading companies entered the oil sector with their technologies, followed by a trail of service and knowledge-intensive companies. As a result, a national knowledge-intensive oil industry was not created;
in Norway (the second model), there was a purposeful (under state control) formation of conditions for the formation of national knowledge-intensive service companies and a system of scientific and technological centers. As a result, a high-tech national oil and gas industry gradually emerged.
Great Britain and Norway show examples of completely opposite models of innovative development of the oil and gas industry. But it is very important that these models are not some kind of “frozen” schemes. Both the “British” and “Norwegian” models are gradually changing due to changes in certain operating conditions in the oil and gas business. Moreover, the development of these models is going in the opposite direction: the “British model” is characterized by some strengthening of the regulatory role of the state, and the “Norwegian” model is characterized by partial liberalization and expansion of private enterprise.
What about Russia? What innovation path should we take? Our country, in terms of the development of the oil and gas industry, differs markedly from both the UK and Norway. On the one hand, Russia has more than 100 years of oil production history. Russian oil and gas workers have accumulated vast experience in developing fields - and in a wide variety of natural, climatic and geological conditions. The country has dozens of machine-building factories and scientific and technological centers that ensure the functioning of the oil and gas sector. On the other hand, there are a lot of unsolved problems generated by transition period and the “ballast” of errors that was accumulated over the years of the planned economy.
Therefore, the future paths of innovative development of the oil and gas sector in Russia are largely determined by the negative situation that has developed to date. The development of the oil and gas sector in our country is “sandwiched” by two deficits: a lack of investment and a deficit of new technologies. Over the past 10 years, the bulk of capital investments in the oil and gas sector have been carried out using the own funds of enterprises and companies. There is nothing like this anywhere in the world. Financial resources for investment are largely attracted “from outside”: either through stock market(this form dominates, for example, in the USA and Great Britain), either through banking system(like in Japan, South Korea and a number of European countries). Accordingly, investment opportunities for oil and gas companies are expanding. The latter, in turn, by purchasing products and services for material and technical purposes, finance the investment process in other sectors of the economy. Since Russian oil and gas companies are forced to mainly limit themselves own funds, then the volume of investments turns out to be too small, and the stimulating role of these investments for the development of the national economy (and its innovation sector) turns out to be too weak. This largely results from the shortage of new domestic oil and gas technologies.
Despite the fact that the Russian oil and gas sector is mainly on investment “self-sufficiency”, its innovative development is largely due to the influx of foreign capital. Joint influx foreign investment and technology occurs in the case of direct investment foreign companies(for example, when creating enterprises with mixed capital and implementing production sharing agreements / PSAs) or due to the use of related loans. Further expansion of foreign investment will be associated with an increased influx of imported technologies. Thus, the Russian oil and gas sector is currently implementing a model of innovative development according to the formula: “Russian resources + foreign capital and technology.” That is, Russia is currently following approximately the British path of innovation - mainly foreign technologies, foreign companies and participants.
How beneficial is this for us? Since the implementation of the current model occurs in conditions when the country’s economy is just beginning to emerge from deepest crisis, then there is a further increase in dependence on raw materials and stagnation in domestic industry and science in general continues. But even this path of innovative development has advantages compared to inertial development. Technological renewal of the oil and gas sector, which helps to increase its competitiveness and reduce costs, lowers the maximum “bar” for the growth of energy prices in the domestic market. Accordingly, investment opportunities are expanding within the national economy, which should be used primarily for the development of high-tech industries. We can say that the direct impact on the economy of the current model of innovative development of the oil and gas sector is negative. But there are still certain indirect effects that stimulate economic and technological growth.
It is quite obvious that for our country it is extremely important to transition to a different development model, which is based on the formula: “Russian resources and technologies + foreign capital.” But this can only be achieved if a reasonable and effective protectionist policy is implemented by the state. The line separating reasonable from unjustified protectionism is very thin and vague. And the state must learn to protect the interests of domestic producers in such a way as not to cross this line.
Manufacturers and consumers of oil and gas equipment and technologies have developed the exact opposite attitude towards the idea of protectionism. Representatives machine-building complex Naturally, they advocate state protectionism in its various forms, for example, mandatory procurement quotas Russian equipment when implementing a PSA or providing tax benefits oil and gas workers in the case when they give preference to domestic equipment and technologies rather than imported ones. At the same time, it is understood that the quality of equipment purchased from Russian manufacturers should not be lower than that of foreign ones. But judging the quality of equipment and technologies (especially new ones) is not so easy. This is where the position of the Union of Oil and Gas Industrialists comes from, which insists not on supporting domestic producers in general (to exclude “askers and givers”), but on implementing measures to increase its competitiveness. Then a basis can truly be created for eliminating contradictions between producers and consumers of equipment and technologies.
In this sense, the example of Norway is very indicative, which for a long time used mandatory quotas for the purchase of products and services from national suppliers when implementing oil and gas projects. By introducing such quotas, the government was confident in the potentially high competitiveness of Norwegian firms in terms of the quality and cost of the products themselves. Another thing is that national producers did not have the appropriate authority in the oil and gas business and experience of competition with foreign companies, were not “promoted”, and did not have sufficient funds to penetrate the market. And protectionism in this case was completely justified, which is confirmed by subsequent developments. Having entered the oil and gas equipment and services market with the help of the state, Norwegian companies quickly gained high prestige and actually proved their competitiveness. And the Russian state should also learn to support those producers who deserve it - otherwise, protectionism will result in irreparable losses for the oil and gas sector and the entire national economy.
2.4 State support in the development of innovations
The Russian oil and gas sector has already embarked on the path of innovative development, but while focusing on foreign technologies (the “British” model). In order to significantly enhance the positive effect of innovative development and spread its impact throughout the entire domestic economy, it is necessary to move to a different model, similar to the “Norwegian” one. We cannot hope that a change in the model of innovative development of the oil and gas sector will happen by itself. The transition to the most beneficial formula for innovative development for the country can only occur as a result of active government intervention.
Unfortunately, existing experience government controlled scientific and technological progress in the oil and gas sector does not give reasons for optimism. Developed federal programs and individual measures taken at the regional level, for the most part, did not produce noticeable results. As for oil and gas companies and corporations with state participation, it turned out that the national “ownership” of the innovative resources used does not matter for them.
To solve the problem, it is necessary to revive such a concept as state scientific and technical (innovation) policy in the oil and gas sector. At the same time, the emphasis should not be placed on determining “priority directions for the development of science and technology” or developing individual programs. The main task: searching for “painful” points and building effective mechanisms of influence that would direct the demand of enterprises and companies in the oil and gas sector for knowledge-intensive products towards the domestic market of innovative resources.
Within the framework of the state scientific and technical (innovation) policy, two principles must be strictly adhered to:
competitiveness - stimulating demand for domestic high-tech products should not transform into unjustified protectionism, which could ultimately lead to a decline in the competitiveness of Russian oil and gas resources;
universality - incentive measures should apply to all oil and gas producers operating in our country, regardless of their nationality.
The second principle is of utmost importance in the context of the influx of foreign capital and penetration foreign companies into the Russian oil and gas sector. The entire economy of our country (not to mention the oil and gas sector) is highly dependent on the situation on the world energy market. But this dependence is not one-sided. The West comes first European countries— to a significant extent depend on energy supplies from Russia. Consequently, one of the main objectives of state (federal) policy aimed at supporting the innovative sector of the economy is to effectively use the dependence of foreign consumers on oil and gas supplies from Russia in order to boost knowledge-intensive sectors of the domestic economy. At the same time, specific mechanisms of influence should “materialize” to a large extent in the context of attracting foreign capital and foreign companies to the Russian oil and gas sector.
But at the same time, we must not forget about the interests of investors. If Russia strives to become a full participant in the global oil and gas “space,” then it makes sense to listen to how representatives of the global oil business assess the situation in our country. In the global oil business, an opinion has long been formed about what is primary and what is secondary. Investment comes first, and everything else comes second. In other words, hydrocarbon reserves, production and processing are considered a “function” of investment. Therefore foreign oil companies primarily concerned with the problem investment climate in Russia.
It's about creating a stable and transparent system government regulation, which would reflect the goals pursued by the state, would be understandable and acceptable to investors.
The role of the state in the development of the oil and gas sector (including innovative development) today is difficult to overestimate. It is only important that the state, represented by federal and regional authorities, properly perform its functions, without neglecting the “little things”. The Russian state must clearly define the scale and scope of its direct participation in the oil and gas sector, complete a transparent and workable regulatory system, and bring the mechanisms of informal influence into a civilized direction. Under this condition, the quality and efficiency of the state’s performance of the functions of intervention in the development of the oil and gas sector will be adequate to its role.
2.5 Specific ways of innovative development
The innovative path of development of the oil and gas sector is associated with major long-term investments not only in the production of hydrocarbons, but also in the development of new high-tech infrastructure and the knowledge-intensive sector of the economy. Such investments require long-term stability. Therefore, the main element public policy is to ensure stable “rules of the game”, enshrined in legislation.
Based on the legislative “foundation”, special sets of measures should be developed and implemented in three main areas of regulation, covering: subsoil use processes; development of the national market for innovative resources; investment activity.
In the sphere of regulation of subsoil use processes, what is required first of all is: strengthening the role of licensing agreements in matters of choice and nationality of technologies for the development of oil and gas resources (as opposed to concession agreements, which do not have the proper regulatory functions); systematization of norms and rules governing the scientific and technical conditions of prospecting, exploration and development of oil and gas fields.
In the sphere of regulation of the market of innovative resources, according to at least, at the stage of its formation it is necessary: to recreate the system of state scientific and technical centers (with determination of the status of these institutions, adequate market conditions); implementation within these centers of integration programs for priority areas research and development (for example, informatization); budgetary and price regulation aimed at supporting fundamental and applied research“breakthrough” nature, to ensure “fair” distribution financial resources between various participants in the market of innovative resources.
In the field of regulation investment activities a set of measures is required that differ depending on specific innovation projects and areas of their implementation, including: measures aimed at reducing non-economic risks of investment, administrative and social burden - in order to increase the competitiveness of domestic innovation projects; the use of long-term tariff guarantees and special investment regimes (for all investors, regardless of nationality), stimulating demand for Russian innovative resources; tax incentive measures for investment in the implementation of innovative projects within the oil and gas sector itself and within related knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy.
Unfortunately, an example of a one-sided approach was the steps and measures aimed at improving the investment climate in 2002. For the first half current year investment in fixed assets increased by less than 2% compared to 6 months last year. And foreign direct investment decreased over the same period by 10% compared to 2001. As a result, it turns out that tax innovations, which were supposed to increase investment, actually led to their actual stagnation.
The Russian oil and gas sector is embarking on the path of innovative development. In order to significantly enhance the positive effect of innovative development and spread its impact throughout the entire domestic economy, it is necessary to move to a new development model. We cannot hope that a change in the model of innovative development of the oil and gas sector will happen by itself. The transition to the most beneficial formula for innovative development for the country can only occur as a result of active government intervention.
Transferring the development of the oil and gas sector to innovative path under the new model should become a long-term national priority. And through the innovative development of the country's fuel and energy complex, conditions will be created and the development of other sectors of the economy and the entire society will be ensured. Therefore, I, being a supporter of the innovative development of the fuel and energy complex, advocate the announcement of a new course, a new paradigm for the development of the oil and gas sector of the economy of our state.
3. FORMATION OF A PORTFOLIO OF NOVELTY AND INNOVATIONS
Research and development is managed in a constantly changing environment. This necessitates continuous improvement of R&D programs. At any time, an unexpected technical problem may arise and work on the project will have to be postponed or even stopped. Customer requirements and demand may change and the viability of the project will need to be reassessed.
When managing an R&D program, a manager must remember that he is managing a dynamic project. The planning and control system must be flexible enough to accommodate necessary modifications.
The effectiveness of R&D is revealed in the market. It depends on how much the market need is taken into account when setting the goal.
The main characteristics of a market segment are represented by four interrelated variables: market size, acceptable price, technical efficiency requirements and time.
Most scientific products can be offered in forms that vary in potency, price, and date of first market availability. It is important to determine what level of technical efficiency a particular market segment is most likely to require, because scientific and technical workers can strive for very high level parameters of the new product. This certainly leads to technical ideas, but may not take into account the actual requirements of consumers. In addition, inflated R&D and manufacturing costs and increased development time may occur. All of the above points will lead to a decrease in the potential profitability of the product.
In today's environment, project development must be focused on specific market needs.
Selecting a connection project with an active search for alternative solutions. The mechanism for managing the R&D process is clearly presented in Fig. 3.1.
after-sales service
consumer
portfolio planning
carrying out R&D
product
access to the market
consumer
Rice. 3.1. R&D process management mechanism
The R&D portfolio may consist of a variety of large and small projects; those close to completion and those starting. However, each requires the allocation of scarce resources depending on the characteristics of the project (complexity, labor intensity, etc.).
The portfolio must have certain contours and be stable so that the work program can be carried out evenly.
The number of projects in a portfolio at a given time depends on the size of the projects, which is measured through the total amount of resources required for development and the costs of implementing one project.
If, for example, CU 4,000 is allocated for R&D, and the cost of implementing one project is CU 2,000, then the portfolio may have 2 projects.
Thus, the number of projects in the portfolio (n) is determined from the following ratio:
The manager needs to decide how many projects can be managed simultaneously;
if he concentrates his efforts on several projects;
if it distributes available resources to a larger number of projects.
A portfolio consisting mainly of large projects is riskier than a portfolio where resources are distributed among small projects.
According to experts, only 10% of all projects are completely successful. This means that there is only a 10% chance of effectively completing each project in the portfolio. As the number of projects increases, the likelihood that at least one of them will be successful increases.
The advantage of smaller projects is that they are easier to adapt to each other in terms of matching available resources. A large project requires a large amount of scarce resources.
However, small projects (requiring relatively little R&D expenditure) typically involve new products with modest sales (and profit) potential.
A portfolio of small projects can lead to a steady flow of innovations, most of which have limited market potential, which is undesirable from the point of view of the product range formed by marketing departments.
When considering certain projects for possible inclusion in the portfolio, it is necessary to take into account the possible quality of management and the consequences of redistributing costs to projects.
Profitability of portfolios as a whole
Where And – average profitability of portfolios A and B, respectively.
Based on profitability indicators, the preference coefficient can be calculated:
where K P – preference coefficient.
However, each project has an individual profitability (Ri) and a certain share in the costs of portfolio formation ().
This means that the average or generalized preference coefficient () can be presented in the form of a system of preference coefficients for profitability and cost structure.
Profitability preference factor:
Cost structure preference factor:
Thus
or
Forming a portfolio of orders involves working with potential consumers of R&D results.
For the current situation in Russia, it is difficult to accurately predict the demand for scientific and technical products, i.e. there is uncertainty in demand.
Let's consider some areas of studying the demand for products that are the result of innovation activities.
Analysis of demand for scientific and technical products is one of the most important areas in the activities of organizations involved in R&D.
In conditions market economy analysis of demand for scientific and technical products is of paramount importance.
Let us list the areas of analysis of demand for innovation:
1. Analysis of the need for a produced and (or) implemented innovation or new service.
2. Analysis of demand for innovations and related services and the influence of various factors on them.
3. Analysis of the influence of demand on the results of the enterprise’s activities.
4. Determination of the maximum sales opportunity and justification of the sales plan, taking into account the solution of the first three tasks, as well as the production capabilities of the company.
Features of analysis of demand for innovations
Features of the development of innovations and the difference in their types largely determine the specifics of the analysis of demand for them in each specific case.
First of all, it is necessary to clarify which innovations—basic or advanced—are the products whose demand is to be studied. This identification can be carried out in two ways: firstly, by constructing product life cycle curves based on data on the volume of its duration and supply or sales on the market. If the cyclical wave fits into a higher one and the product lifespan is short relative to the “big” wave, we are talking about evolutionary or partial innovations (see Fig. 3.2).
Volume
offers (council) innovative products (units)
Time of proposal (advice) of innovative products on the market, years, (months)
Rice. 3.2. Identification of innovations
Secondly, an enterprise producing innovative products carries out comparative analysis parameters of previously produced and new products according to the following scheme: the presence in the design development of a new product compared to the old one, fundamentally different approaches, for example, unknown laws and patterns; the number of new parts, components in a product or operations in technology; the additional amount of costs for changing the product and its share in the costs of the new product.
As a result of this analysis new products can be grouped into three groups: the first, which did not previously exist (for example, laser discs); the second, which was produced previously, but was significantly changed in material or design; the third, which received only a new design.
Innovative products come in a wide variety of forms. It may have (for example, machines, goods for the population) or not have a natural-material form (know-how, patents, licenses), differ in purpose (for production purposes or final consumption), types of products, etc.
As a result, the analysis of demand and the creation of an information base for its implementation has specifics in each specific case.
4. ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF INNOVATION ACTIVITIES
4.1 Effective use of innovations
The innovative project has been selected. The next stage begins - the use of innovations.
The importance of determining the effect of implementing innovations increases in a market economy. However, it is no less important for a transition economy.
Depending on the results and costs taken into account, the following types of effect are distinguished:
Effect type
Depending on the time period for recording results and costs, effect indicators are distinguished for billing period, annual effect indicators.
The length of the accepted time period depends on the following factors, namely:
duration of the innovation period;
service life of the innovation object;
degree of reliability of the source information;
investor requirements.
It was noted above that general principle Efficiency assessment is a comparison of the effect (result) and costs.
Attitude can be expressed both in natural and in monetary terms, and the efficiency indicator with these methods of expression may be different for the same situation. But, most importantly, you need to clearly understand: efficiency in production is always an attitude.
In general, the problem of determining the economic effect and choosing the most preferable options for implementing innovations requires, on the one hand, an excess of the final results from their use over the costs of development, production and implementation, and on the other hand, a comparison of the results obtained with the results from the use of other similar products. the purpose of innovation options.
The need for quick assessment and correct choice of option arises especially acutely in companies that use accelerated depreciation, in which the time required to replace existing machinery and equipment with new ones is significantly reduced.
The method for calculating the effect (income) of innovations, based on comparing the results of their development with costs, allows you to make a decision on the advisability of using new developments.
4.2 Overall economic efficiency of innovations
To assess the overall economic efficiency innovation, a system of indicators can be used:
1. Integral effect.
3. Rate of profitability.
4. Payback period.
1. The integral effect Eint is the magnitude of the differences in results and innovation costs for the calculation period, reduced to one, usually the initial year, that is, taking into account discounting of results and costs.
where Tr is the accounting year; Rt– result in t th year; Z t– innovation costs int th year; t– discount factor (discount factor).
The integral effect also has other names, namely: net present value, net present value or net modern value, net reduced effect.
2. Innovation profitability indexJr.
The discounting method we considered is a method of comparing costs and income at different times; it helps to choose areas for investing in innovation when these funds are especially scarce. This method is useful for organizations that are in a subordinate position and receive from senior management an already strictly set budget, where the total amount of possible investments in innovation is clearly defined.
The profitability index can be used as an indicator of profitability. It also has other names: profitability index, profitability index.
The profitability index is the ratio of present income to innovation costs as of the same date.
The profitability index is calculated using the formula:
Where JR– profitability index; Dj– income in the periodj; Kt– the amount of investment in innovation in the periodt.
The given formula reflects in the numerator the amount of income reduced to the moment of the start of the implementation of innovations, and in the denominator - the amount of investment in innovation discounted by the time the investment process begins.
Or in other words, we can say that here two parts of the payment flow are compared: income and investment.
The profitability index is closely related to the integral effect; if the integral effect is positive, then the profitability indexJR>1, and vice versa. AtJR>1 innovative project is considered cost-effective. OtherwiseJR<1 – неэффективен.
In conditions of severe shortage of funds, preference should be given to those innovative solutions for which the profitability index is the highest.
3. The rate of return Ep represents the discount rate at which the value of discounted income for a certain number of years becomes equal to innovative investments. In this case, the income and costs of the innovation project are determined by reduction to the calculated point in time.
This indicator otherwise characterizes the level of profitability of a specific innovative solution, expressed by a discount rate at which the future value of cash flow from innovation is reduced to the present value of investment funds.
The rate of return indicator has other names: internal rate of return. Internal rate of return, rate of return on investment.
Abroad, the calculation of the rate of return is often used as the first step in the quantitative analysis of investments. For further analysis, those innovative projects are selected whose internal rate of return is estimated to be no lower than 15-20%.
The rate of profitability is determined analytically as a threshold value of profitability that ensures that the integral effect calculated over the economic life of innovation is equal to zero.
The resulting calculated value Ep is compared with the rate of return required by the investor. The issue of making an innovative decision can be considered if the value of Ep is not less than the value required by the investor.
If an innovative project is fully financed by a bank loan, then the value of Ep indicates the upper limit of the acceptable level of the bank interest rate, the excess of which makes this project economically ineffective.
In the case when financing from other sources takes place, the lower limit of the Ep value corresponds to the price of the advanced capital, which can be calculated as the arithmetic average weighted value of fees for the use of the advanced capital.
4. Payback period This is one of the most common indicators for assessing the effectiveness of investments. Unlike the “payback period of capital investments” indicator used in our practice, it is also based not on profit, but on cash flow, bringing the funds invested in innovation and the amount of cash flow to the present value.
Investing in market conditions involves significant risk, and this risk is greater the longer the investment payback period. Both market conditions and prices may change too significantly during this time. This approach is invariably relevant for industries in which the pace of scientific and technological progress is the highest and where the emergence of new technologies or products can quickly depreciate previous investments.
Finally, focusing on the “payback period” indicator is often chosen in cases where there is no certainty. That the innovative event will be implemented and therefore the owner of the funds does not risk entrusting the investment for a long period.
Payback period formula
where K is the initial investment in innovation; D – annual cash income.
4.3 Calculation of economic effect
In world practice, numerous indicators are used that make it possible to analyze the technical level of production, the efficiency of new technology, the efficiency of using technology, etc. All this variety of general and specific indicators, however, can be reduced to three groups that characterize the impact of new technology on the dynamics and efficiency of production intensification, those. to reduce material and labor costs per unit of production.
The first group evaluates the impact of labor tools on the technical equipment of production. This group includes the following indicators: equipment renewal and retirement rates, mechanization rate, physical wear and tear rate of equipment, average age of equipment, capital productivity, etc. The second group evaluates the impact of new technology on objects of labor: material consumption, savings in raw materials and supplies, etc. The third group evaluates the impact of new technology on the workforce: technical equipment of labor, labor mechanization rate, growth in labor productivity as a result of the use of new equipment and technology, reduction in the labor intensity of producing a unit of final product, etc.
First of all, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of economic effect and economic efficiency of new equipment and technology.
Economic effectis the final result of the application of a technological innovation, measured in absolute terms. They can be profit, a reduction in material and labor costs, an increase in production volumes or product quality expressed in price, etc.
Economic efficiencyis an indicator determined by the ratio of the economic effect and the costs that gave rise to this effect, i.e. either the amount of profit received, or the reduction of costs (at the enterprise level), or the increase in national income or gross domestic product (at the country level) is compared with capital investments for the implementation of this technical activity. To calculate the economic effect or economic efficiency, the following indicators are used.
The economic effect of the feasibility study of the implementation of EOR is determined by the formula:
(4.1)
where E measures – indicator of economic effect, rub.; R measures – cost assessment of the results of EOR, rub.; Z measures – valuation of total costs for EOR, rub.
(4.2)
Where – additional oil production due to EOR, tons; C – price of 1 ton of oil, rub./t.
(4.3)
where Z arr. – costs of one well treatment, rub.;N arr. – number of well treatments with reagent, pcs.; Z extra – costs of additional oil production, rub.
The costs of carrying out one processing consist of the costs of wages of workers involved in processing Salary , social insurance contributions social , material costs for the purchase of reagent and fresh water mat , expenses for specially hired transport TR , geophysical geof and shop expenses shop :
(4.4)
(4.5)
where C T i – worker’s hourly wage ratei-th category, rub./hour;t– duration of one treatment, hours; h i – number of workersi-th category; TO P – bonus according to the current regulations; TO R – regional coefficient (in Bashkortostan K R = 0,15);
(4.6)
Wheren– rate of the single social tax, %. (26%)
where Z exp i – operating costsi-th unit of transport, rub./h;N– number of transport units involved, pcs.;
Shop (geophysical, general) expenses are usually accepted at the levelmpercent of wage costs, the calculation formula is:
(4.9)
Operating costs for additional oil production are calculated:
When analyzing the effectiveness of new technology, it is necessary to compare the capabilities of the new technology and its prices. In countries such as Russia, i.e. experiencing a shortage of new equipment, and in the presence of monopolistic enterprises producing it, or when importing new equipment, there are often cases when an increase in the unit power of a machine by 10-15-20% is accompanied by an increase in its cost (at constant prices) by 100-200 % or more, which sharply reduces the effectiveness of technical progress. That is why, when selling new equipment, an accurate economic calculation of the maximum permissible price level at which the consumer will agree to buy this new equipment is always necessary. After all, the consumer will agree to buy it only when it provides him with either a reduction in production costs per unit of final product produced, or a higher quality of the product produced, guaranteeing its sale at a higher price and receiving additional profit.
Using the above methodology, we will calculate the main indicators for the implementation of a new technology for intensifying oil production. The initial data is presented in table 4.1.
Table 4.1 – initial data for calculation
Index
2250
rub.
CONCLUSION
The Government of the Russian Federation intends to take as a basis the scenario for innovative economic development for the period 2005-2008. A discussion has begun with the State Duma committees of the draft medium-term program for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for 2005-2008. The medium-term program is far from perfect, but an attempt is being made to orient economic development along an innovative path. During the discussion, a lot of questions have already arisen. They are so characteristic and illustrate not only the complexity of the problem, but also the unwillingness of the authors to answer them. It is necessary to find a balance between radical liberal views on economic development and the realities that we are experiencing today.
The government is trying to find tools that would allow the country to develop, become more and more competitive, increase labor productivity and incomes, that is, identify internal growth factors and rely on them to make life better. Based on the confidence that this task will be accomplished, the Government intends to make the discussion of the medium-term program open and involve all interested parties in the discussion.
The Ministry of Economic Development has developed three scenarios for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the medium term. The first option is inertial. This is what we practically have today. The scenario is based on favorable foreign economic conditions and the expectation that the raw materials sector will provide economic growth, which is temporary and quite problematic for long-term planning. The second option is export-investment. This option involves greater government participation and the creation of conditions for attracting investment and the development of certain sectors of the economy. The third scenario is innovative economic development. It assumes the implementation of a qualitative change and the use on a large scale of the achievements of science and technology. The third scenario is taken as a basis. But so far the discussion has not led to an understanding of how to implement it in practical terms in order to have economic indicators in the next three years that could indicate progressive economic growth and doubling of GDP within 10 years. The goal of state policy in the field of science and technology is the transition of our economy to an innovative path of development.
According to the draft medium-term program of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, the innovation-oriented development scenario is characterized by a more moderate scale of investment in the oil and gas sector and transport, but more ambitious projects in the high-tech and information sphere. This scenario can be viewed as a scenario of active economic diversification and structural shift in favor of manufacturing sectors and services. To a greater extent than the first two scenarios, it proposes the development of the Russian economy in the direction of a post-industrial structure and a knowledge economy.
Under the third scenario, for the period 2005-2008, GDP increases, as in the second scenario, by 25-27% and by approximately 100-104% for the period until 2015. In contrast to the base scenario, characterized by a slowdown in growth rates in 2010-2015 (compared to 2005-2007), in the second and third scenarios, on the contrary, in 2012-2015 they accelerate to a growth target of 7 percent or more in year. At the same time, within the framework of the third post-industrial scenario, it has better prospects for further acceleration of growth after 2015 compared to the second resource-intensive scenario.
LIST OF REFERENCES USED
1. V.F. Shmatov et al. “Economics, organization and planning of production at enterprises of the oil and gas industry.” – M.: Nedra, 1999. – 410 p.
2. Economics of enterprise and industry. Series "Textbooks, teaching aids". 4th ed., revised. and additional – Rostov n/d: “Phoenix”, 2001. – 544 p.
3. Enterprise Economics: Textbook / Edited by prof. ON THE. Safronova. – M.: Yurist, 2002. – 608 p.
4. A.D. Brenz et al. “Planning in the oil and gas industry.” – 2nd ed., add. and revised, M.: Nedra, 1999. – 332 p.
5. Zemtsov R.G., Silkin V.Yu. Problems of innovative development of the oil and gas sector // Bulletin of NSU. Series Socio-economic sciences. - 2005. - T. 5, No. 1. - P. 41-50.
6. Kryukov V.A., Shmat V.V. Innovative processes in the Russian oil industry: freedom of creativity in the absence of rules? // IVF. - 2005. - No. 6. - P. 59-68. Kryukov V., Shmat V.
7. Innovation process in oil production and national economic interests: harmonizing potential of the institutional approach in state regulation of the industry // Russian Economic Journal. - 2005. - No. 3. - P. 22-34.
Detractors often call Russia a gas station country, but they forget that oil production is an incredibly labor-intensive and knowledge-intensive production.
Oil production is one of the most important sectors of the Russian economy. Oil is not only an export commodity, it is also a raw material for the rapidly developing chemical industry. Every year more and more oil is processed into secondary raw materials and finished goods in Russia. As a result, industry requires ever-increasing volumes of oil, and there is less and less easily extracted oil.
Oil production in Russia has an ancient history. Even before our state had time to form, the ancient Greeks visited the northern coast of the Black and Azov Seas to buy native oil from local tribes, which in some places simply came to the surface and could be collected by hand. The Greeks made their mysterious Greek fire from this oil, used it in medicine, and as the most common fuel for lamps.
True oil production became relevant with the Industrial Revolution. The Caucasus became the first oil-bearing region of Russia. The revolution and the subsequent Civil War reduced oil production in Soviet Russia to almost zero, and only in the 20s of the last century oil production began to grow steadily.
Like all good things, oil eventually runs out in good fields, and various innovations had to be introduced to develop more difficult fields. Here we will talk about the most noticeable of them.
Photo: gazprom.ru
Drilling wells on the shelf
The fact that the yield of oil wells is greater if the wells are drilled on the seashore was noticed back in the 19th century. Naturally, oil workers did not miss the opportunity to increase production with the help of nature itself. At first, mining was carried out as close to the shore as possible, then they began to build bulk overpasses, creeping further and further into the sea. And then they completely moved on to oil platforms.
In the Soviet Union, this method of oil production was actively used in the Caspian Sea. This was greatly facilitated by the calmer nature of the Caspian Sea and its shallow depth. Coastal oil production continues in those areas to this day.
Having gained experience in underwater drilling, Russian oil companies entered the international market and even managed to outperform the more experienced Americans by drilling deep-sea wells for Vietnam, while other contractors, including the United States, failed to cope with the task.
Currently, Russia has at its disposal the Prirazlomnaya oil platform, which produces oil in the Pechora Sea at the field of the same name.
Hydraulic fracturing
Discovered in the 19th century and widely used since the 1940s, hydraulic fracturing of oil-bearing formations is familiar to the whole world thanks to the surge in shale oil production in the United States. However, this method is also used in conventional oil production.
In Russia, hydraulic fracturing is used to increase the production rate of wells that have become unprofitable. Thus, oil production at Samatlor was recently activated using hydraulic fracturing. Contrary to popular belief, hydraulic fracturing cannot be called an unambiguously harmful technology, but its barbaric use can cause serious harm to the environment, which is what we are seeing in West Texas.
Photo: ourworld.unu.edu
Seismic research
It is quite difficult to detect oil from the surface that lies at a depth of several kilometers. At the same time, drilling wells blindly is an incredibly expensive pleasure. Whatever methods are used to more accurately determine the position of oil reservoirs. Study of the magnetic field, gravitational changes, naturally, analysis of rocks on the surface...
Seismic research has helped to significantly improve the accuracy of deposit identification. Sound waves from rocks of different structure and density are reflected differently. By analyzing seismological monitoring data, you can quite accurately determine where a well should be drilled.
Today, 3D seismic scanning has become commonplace, but in the middle of the last century it required some effort. First of all, a powerful source of vibration was required. Soviet scientists used for these purposes not only self-organized explosions and earthquakes, but also adapted to obtain data from nuclear tests conducted in the United States, saving the country many tons of explosives.
Real time data
At first, when wells were drilled using the percussion-rope method, it was quite easy to obtain information about the condition of the wellbore. A drill shell was simply dropped into the well, which, falling to the bottom, crushed the rock. Then the projectile was lifted on a rope and crushed rock was removed from the hole with a special device, from which it was possible to judge what was happening at depth.
After the invention of the rotary drilling method and until the 80s, information about the condition of the mine could only be obtained after the completion of drilling. But then a unique method of data transmission was developed by pulsating the drilling fluid in the well. Thus, it was possible to obtain data from the bottom of the well in real time and avoid the use of many kilometers of wires. This method is widely used in the Russian oil industry and allows you to quickly respond to obstacles that arise during the drilling process.
Horizontal wells
As is clear even from the name, oil-bearing formations lie predominantly horizontally. A horizontal well starts, like conventional ones, vertically. But upon reaching the oil-bearing formation, it changes direction. This achieves greater productivity compared to a classic well.
The first inclined well in the Soviet Union and one of the first in the world was drilled under the leadership of Alexander Mikhailovich Grigoryan in 1941. Eight years later, he drilled a multilateral well, becoming the founder of the multilateral drilling field.
Photo: snkoil.com
Multilateral wells still remain a rather exotic business, but inclined and horizontal wells are used quite often. They not only turn out to be more profitable, but also allow you to reach formations that drilling directly above is not possible.
Detractors often call Russia a gas station country, but they forget that oil production is an incredibly labor-intensive and knowledge-intensive industry. Not every country, even those with oil reserves, is able to organize production independently. Russia is not only actively developing its own mineral resources, but also providing assistance to other countries in developing their own natural resources.
Grigory Romanovich Azhdanin
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MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
GRADUATE QUALIFYING WORK
(MASTER'S DISSERTATION)
on the topic: “The role of innovative technologies in the oil and gas industry of Russia and foreign countries”
Moscow 2017
Chapter 1. Oil and gas industry in Russia and foreign countries
1.1 Characteristics of the oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation
Oil production is the oldest industry. It existed on the Kerch Peninsula, in the North Caucasus and in other regions of Russia. The development of the industry begins with the construction of the first mechanized well in 1864. The Russian oil industry has existed for more than 150 years, and in the history of the development of the oil and gas industry there are several periods that differ in their characteristics.
The oil industry in Russia began to develop with oil production in the Baku region on the Absheron Peninsula, in the North Caucasus (Grozny, Maykop), as well as in the Emba region. But the main volume of oil production was in the area of Baku on the Absheron Peninsula. Oil production grew due to flowing wells and due to oil extraction using the tartan method. This is a method of extracting oil from a well using a bailer. The bailer was a tub, originally used in oil extraction from wells, but elongated, with a diameter significantly smaller than when extracting from wells, so that it passed through the well casing pipe with a bottom valve opening inward. When lowering into the well, the valve opened and the bailer was filled with oil, and when the bailer was raised, the valve lowered, closing the valve hole, and oil rose to the surface.
The tartan method was for a long time one of the main ones in oil production, because... was associated with heavy physical labor; workers were called tartal workers. In 1913, using bailer tartanium, 95% of all oil produced in Russia was extracted.
In 1879, Alexander II signed the “Highly approved Charter of the Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership,” according to which “The Emperor deigned to allow Ludwig Emmanuilovich Nobel in St. Petersburg, Robert Emmanuilovich Nobel in Baku, Alfred Emmanuilovich Nobel in Paris and Guard Colonel Peter Aleksandrovich Bilderlish to establish a “Share Partnership”. The ownership of the established Partnership was transferred to the distillation plant with all movable and immovable property belonging to it, as well as drilling wells, oil mines, land allotments, oil pipelines, tanks on the banks of the Volga, steamships and barges belonging to the founders of the Partnership. At the same time, he was given the right to acquire ownership or lease of oil plants and those located in connection with oil production, as well as to acquire or lease land and arrange oil pipelines, as well as arrange warehouses for storing oil products, have his own steamships, sailing ships, barges and other transport vehicles. means, as well as railway cars for transporting products by rail.
In 1875, Robert Emmanuilovich Nobel acquired several fields in Baku and began drilling wells. At the same time, he buys back a kerosene plant in the Black City (one of the districts of Baku) from the Tiflis Society and reconstructs it. Having achieved higher purification of oil distillation products, Robert Nobel was the first in the Baku fields to produce kerosene at his plant, which was not inferior in quality to American kerosene, which was the most popular in Russia at that time.
In 1876, the brothers, having gathered in Baku, came to the conclusion that at the moment the main thing should not be increasing oil production, but preparing the necessary infrastructure. After this, the Nobel brothers' main investments were made in the construction of oil and petroleum product warehouses and the creation of vehicles. Realizing that new scientific and technical solutions are important for civilized economics, they established creative cooperation with the technical office of the American entrepreneur A.V. Bari, who worked in Russia. A long-term fruitful cooperation was established with the Partnership of the outstanding Russian inventor V. G. Shukhov, who had been working since 1878 as the chief engineer of the office of A. V. Bari. One of the most successful decisions of the Nobel brothers in developing their oil fields was the construction of the first 10-kilometer oil pipeline in Russia with a capacity of 1,280 tons per day from the Balakhapinsky fields to the kerosene plant in Black City. All calculations and constructions were made by V. G. Shukhov. This innovation was not accepted by everyone. Local drivers involved in transporting oil in wooden barrels from fields to factories and kerosene to sea piers, as well as barrel manufacturers, perceived the innovation as an attack on their earnings.
The Nobel brothers were the first to propose replacing wooden barges for barrel transportation of petroleum products along the Volga with metal liquid ones. R. Nobel appealed to the government with a proposal to ban the transport of kerosene in wooden barrels, referring to environmental pollution and damage to fisheries resources.
The congress of Baku oil industrialists, which met in 1885, accused the leadership of the Partnership of attempting to monopolize the Russian market and called for rejecting the project, “which hardly stands up to criticism from the technical side and is so destructive for the entire Russian oil business in economic terms.”
Only in 1904 did the Russian Government decide to remove all wooden barges from service within 10 years.
For the first time in the world, a metal oil tanker with a carrying capacity of 240 tons was built according to the drawings of the Nobel brothers. The ship was built in Swedish shipyards. The further policy of the Nobel brothers was aimed at improving storage facilities. They abandoned traditional barrel storage in earthen pits, which was accompanied by losses and pollution environment. At the request of the Nobel brothers, the construction of the world's first riveted metal tanks was carried out by V. G. Shukhov. Huge amounts of money were invested in the construction of metal tanks and cisterns, much more than in oil production. Already in 1890, the total capacity of tanks in the Nobel Brothers Partnership was 1974 thousand m3, and the cost of storing petroleum products dropped to 3 kopecks per pood (16 kg), and with the old storage method it was equal to 10-30 kopecks. In 1882, the Partnership's designers created a spray nozzle, which made it possible to use fuel oil, which was considered a harmful waste from oil refining, for beneficial use. An important step has been taken in the use of petroleum products for energy needs.
In 1882, on the initiative of R. Nobel and his collaborator Terquist, the fundamental problem of creating and introducing into production a fundamentally new system for the continuous distillation of oil in multi-cube batteries was solved, which began to produce not only well-refined kerosene, but also high-quality lubricating oil.
In matters of processing, the Partnership was ahead of American inventors by a quarter of a century. Thanks to the features of the multi-cubic distillation process, it became possible to sequentially select any hydrocarbon fractions. Soon, the Partnership, for the first time in Russia, established the industrial production of gasoline, which at that time was used in rubber and bone-burning production. The Nobel brothers greatly deserve credit for carrying out the first experiments in waste-free production. From oil refining waste, they established the production of caustic soda, the regeneration of sulfuric acid for the purification of lubricating oils, etc.
In the early 90s, a plant was built in Baku to extract paraffin from oil. For more than half a century, the Nobel brothers showed lessons in civilized economic activity. Their contribution, especially to the development of the domestic oil industry, is enormous and deserves special attention.
The first period falls on 1864-1872 and is characterized by a low level of oil production and the use of primitive technology, due to the fact that this is the beginning of the development of the Russian oil industry. From 1872 to 1901, the second period was the time of greatest prosperity of the oil industry, mass mechanized drilling of oil wells began, the introduction of new technologies and production equipment. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Russia came out on top in the world in production.
1902-1917 is the third period, passing under the conditions of monopoly capitalism. During this period, a time of stagnation begins, associated with the dominance of oil monopolies and their desire to obtain maximum profits. The oil industry was losing its position in the world market, and the outbreak of the First World War led to a deterioration and decrease in oil production. The fourth period from 1917 to 1920 - the volume of production fell catastrophically, the oil industry fell into complete decline. 1920-1927 - the fifth period. This period is characterized by a restoration process; a complete technical re-equipment and improvement of all quantitative and qualitative indicators of the industry were carried out. The export of petroleum products to Egypt, Germany, Bulgaria, etc. begins.
The sixth period is the years of the pre-war five-year plans; a decision was made to create another oil base in the Ural-Volga region. New fields have been discovered and commissioned in Bashkiria, Kuibyshev, Perm and Orenburg regions. There is an increase in oil production in 1940. The volume of oil production amounted to 31.1 million tons. 1941-1945. - seventh period, years of the Second World War. The tasks and operating conditions of the oil refining industry are radically changing. During this period, the gas industry was created. In 1942-1943. A gas field with industrial reserves (Elshchanskoye) was discovered in the Saratov region, and in 1943 the first Pokhvistnevo-Kuibyshev gas pipeline with a length of 160 km was built and put into operation. At the same time, the construction of our country’s first large main gas pipeline, Saratov-Moscow, began, which was fully operational in 1946.
The eighth period until 1990 is characterized by rapid recovery and accelerated development. Many deposits are being discovered (Ural-Volga region, Central Asia, under the bottom of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan, in the Krasnodar Territory). In 1955, for the first time in world practice, a new development technology was implemented - in-circuit flooding. The gas industry is rapidly developing. Intensive growth of gas production in Eastern Siberia begins. The ninth period runs from 1990 to the present. During this time, the Russian oil industry underwent a huge restructuring, which consisted in the fact that on the basis of a single multifunctional production complex, which belonged to the state, vertically integrated oil companies (VIOCs) were formed, most of which became the private property of individuals.
The Russian oil and gas complex is a key element of Russian industry and economy. (total taxation of the oil and gas industry forms up to 50% of Russian budget revenues). The economy's dependence on the oil and gas industry increased significantly after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, when the government was forced to provide significant fiscal support to the country's economy, which widened the oil budget deficit.
The oil and gas industry is a strategic industry that determines geopolitical opportunities and has a comprehensive impact on the development of the country. According to the Ministry of Energy, the contribution of the oil and gas industry to the GDP of the Russian Federation is 1\3.
Russia's role in global production and export of energy resources is very significant, this is proven by the fact that Russia ranks 2nd in global oil exports and 1st in gas exports. The dominant position of the oil and gas industry in the economy is due to the fact that Russia has the largest oil and gas reserves, and the rise in energy costs in the 2000s made a huge contribution to increasing the profitability of the industry.
In 2014, the growth rate of investments in fixed capital of oil and natural gas production enterprises increased by 12% in comparable prices, the volume of investments amounted to 1.9 trillion. rub. The growth rate of investment in the production of petroleum products decreased from 31.8% in 2013 to 2.5% in 2014 due to sectoral sanctions and tax maneuvers. In 2015, the total volume of investments in fixed assets of fuel and energy enterprises remained at the 2014 level and amounted to about 3 trillion. rub., with about 1 trillion. rub. - in the oil production segment. Maintaining the volume of financing is associated with the devaluation of the ruble. The decline in production in the manufacturing sectors, observed since the beginning of 2015, has led to a change in the industrial structure: the share of the oil and gas production sector in gross output is growing and the share of manufacturing sectors, especially mechanical engineering, which is most sensitive to fluctuations in the investment climate, is decreasing. Due to the rise in prices of imported equipment in the capital construction sector (investment services), in January-August 2015 the price increase was 7.4%, and compared to the same period in 2014 - 10.9%.
In 2015, the situation in both the Russian and global oil and gas markets restrained investment activity and construction in the Russian oil and gas industry. The main constraints on the global market are excess supply, low prices for raw materials, stagnation in the EU economy and the policy of diversifying the structure of energy imports implemented by a number of EU countries, delays in the implementation of contracts for the export of gas from the UGSS to China, as well as continued uncertainty with the implementation of export projects corridors bypassing Ukraine. Declining energy prices pose large-scale challenges for companies and states, which for Russia are complicated by the influence of sectoral sanctions, the suspension of Russian production projects jointly with foreign partners (primarily on the shelf) and the need to quickly ensure import substitution of equipment and technologies that are prohibited from supply. to Russia or which are subject to restrictions that significantly complicate their purchase.
A difficult period has begun in Russia. The reasons for the current unfavorable situation are internal and external. Because of the Ukrainian crisis, Russia has reached a strategic impasse. Due to a sharp decline in oil prices and harsh sanctions from Western countries, the Russian economy entered a period of depression. The internal reason remains the inefficiency of the national economy and the ongoing structural crisis.
Against the backdrop of worsening problems, Russia nevertheless strives to consolidate its role as one of the global leaders who determines the world political agenda and declares its desire to ensure a high level of well-being for the population. These ambitious plans are designed for the long term, but the possibility of achieving them is being laid now. The current geopolitical situation and the developing economic crisis in the search for ways to solve the set tasks do not leave Russia with a choice of a possible way to achieve its goals - this is the transition of the Russian economy to an innovative socially-oriented development model. But this requires a technological breakthrough, the accumulation of positive domestic and foreign experience in the formation of national innovation systems.
The most important issue is the targeted choice of development priorities, and one of them in Russia is the country’s oil and gas complex. At a meeting of the Presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for economic modernization and innovative development of Russia on April 17, 2015, it was emphasized that the mineral resource complex will remain one of the most important sources of the country’s development for a long time. Most importantly, it can and should create demand for high technology, for modern equipment, which in turn allows us to more rationally manage all our natural reserves and, of course, minimize the harmful impact on the environment. The development of the oil and gas industry, which is key to the Russian economy, and its modernization will make it possible in the future to move away from the huge dependence on hydrocarbon exports and make the structure of the economy balanced and sustainable.
However, the 2014 crisis and the global decline in production made changes in the price of oil, dropping the value below US$50 per barrel, and this in turn negatively affected the economic condition of Russia and led to the need for a number of measures to compensate for lost profits .
Analyzing previous crises, it is clear in the oil industry market that the fall in prices in 2014-2015 is smooth, the depth of the fall is comparable to previous crises. A decade of high oil prices, which periodically fell as a result of the global economic crisis of 2008-2009, has led to the current situation. Since the world economy responded to high prices by increasing the efficiency of consumption and increasing oil exploration. The use of non-traditional and renewable energy sources is growing. This leads to a reduction in oil consumption in developed countries, but in other countries it is increasing. And given the higher economic growth rates of this group of countries, the volume of oil production is increasing.
The shale revolution in the United States played an important role in changing the market situation. Sanctions imposed by the EU and the US against Russia are reducing the positive dynamics of attracting investment in the Russian oil and gas industry. As a result of sanctions and lower oil prices, the development of a number of projects has been suspended and the largest Russian oil and gas companies are suffering significant losses.
The increase in investment in oil refining occurred very rapidly in the period 2003-2014 and was a key characteristic of this period. Their volume increased 11 times from 24.4 billion rubles in 2003 to 290 billion rubles in 2014. The growth in investment was explained by the increased attractiveness of the oil industry, as a number of comprehensive measures were taken by the government, which were aimed at optimizing tax regulation. The growth rate of investment in gas production and infrastructure development has overtaken oil refining. This is explained by the positive forecast for global gas consumption. According to a report by Lukoil, gas consumption in the world is expected to grow by an average of 2.2% annually until 2025. This growth rate is the highest compared to other fossil fuels. A factor in the growing popularity of gas as a fuel has been its low cost compared to other types of fossil fuels and its environmental friendliness. However, if sanctions against the Russian Federation remain in place for a long time, domestic companies will not be able to attract the investments necessary to maintain production.
This is due to the fact that Russian companies have a very low cost of oil production in the world. Accordingly, the depreciation of the ruble made this sector even more competitive in terms of production costs. Sanctions have closed the foreign borrowing market and companies are counting on government assistance. But both Russian and world practice prove that neither state-owned companies nor the states themselves are able to independently finance large-scale projects, especially during a crisis.
The largest oil and gas companies in Russia are still faced with problems of non-optimal organizational structure and structure of company assets, which are partly a consequence of the redistribution of the industry in the 90s and in many cases have remained without due attention. At the same time, companies from the CIS countries and Russia in particular are in a privileged position in relation to world leaders due to lower tax deductions on profits as a percentage, which allows them to artificially inflate some indicators.
The main problem is outdated technology and wear and tear of existing equipment. The average wear and tear in the gas industry and oil production is about 60%, and Russia is one of the last in terms of the depth of oil refining. Enterprises need major reconstruction, since the degree of depreciation of fixed assets is over 80%. The enterprises do not have secondary processes, which means there is a lot of waste and a low yield of light products.
Today, the technical and technological capabilities of the oil and gas complex are coming to an end and there is a massive decommissioning of capacities. According to statistics, more than 60 major accidents and many cases occur annually that lead to adverse consequences, namely oil spills that enter water bodies, the death of oil refinery workers, and huge material costs. Most accidents are hidden and, accordingly, the data cannot be complete and reliable. Accidents are caused by violation of regulations and instructions for carrying out repair work and, of course, physically outdated equipment of oil and gas complex facilities. This leads to a serious aggravation of the environmental situation.
Another problem is the lag in all key indicators of innovation activity from developed oil-producing countries. The Russian oil and gas industry faces a number of problems. Therefore, it is necessary in the near future to resolve the issue of using new technologies, introducing the results of scientific research and scientific and technical developments at all stages of production from geological exploration to the output of finished petroleum products. There are a number of problems in the area of innovation: the equipment used is outdated and not updated; low level of R&D funding; insufficient financing of oil refining and petrochemicals; low level of productivity in the oil and gas sector.
The main factors for productivity growth are:
Use of new technologies;
Organizational effectiveness;
Increasing the scale of production.
Recently, the situation has begun to change for the better; the largest Russian companies are increasing investments in science. This is due to fierce competition with world oil and gas leaders. Scientific support is necessary as a basis for sustainable growth of a company in the long term.
There is no system for managing the innovation process either in individual companies or in the industry as a whole. There are no criteria for what kind of company can be called innovative, no mechanisms have been developed to stimulate the introduction of new technologies, and there are no developed standards and regulations.
The Ministry of Industry and Trade states that oil industry workers are most dependent on the import of pumping equipment, equipment for geological exploration and seismic exploration, software and hardware systems and automation systems, equipment and technologies for offshore drilling. People remember import substitution with the advent of the crisis, and today Western sanctions have added to the collapse of the ruble.
The problems of implementing large-scale projects have worsened due to sanctions, and difficult-to-develop fields require high costs and the use of complex technologies, and in our country only 14% of equipment corresponds to world standards.
Rosneft has curtailed its work in the Arctic: the drilling of the Universitetskaya-1 well was successfully completed at the end of September 2014, and as a result of the work, a new oil field was discovered. During test drilling, Rosneft worked closely with such well-known foreign companies in the oil and gas industry as ExxonMobil, Schlumberger, Weatherford, Halliburton, Nord Atlantic Drilling, FMC, Trendsetter, Baker, joint activities with which were prohibited by sanctions. Thus, in the near future, capital development of the new field has been suspended.
Fields on the Arctic shelf are the most vulnerable segment in oil production, the impact on which from all restrictions is critical and very important. This is due not only to high costs and the need to attract foreign funding, but also, above all, to the lack of domestic equipment and technologies used to develop resources in the Arctic.
Gazpromneft has lost the supply of foreign equipment and the fate of the complex Prirazlomnaya offshore ice sheet project is unknown. The partners who provided foreign modern equipment and technological services have left the project, and it takes time to find new ones.
The introduction of sanctions was a barrier to the production of shale oil in the Russian Federation, in particular the difficult-to-recover oil of the Bazhenov formation, due to the fact that the cost of development is high, and the hydraulic fracturing technology developed in the United States has no analogues.
Promising and existing projects in the southern seas are in the same situation as Arctic shelf projects - this is a high dependence of Russian companies for technology and equipment.
Currently, low oil prices are of secondary importance in the implementation of projects for the development of unconventional oil resources in Russia. In the short term, access to foreign technology and investment is more important. If we consider the long-term period and the possible lifting of sanctions, then oil prices may play a role in selecting the most effective projects, and their implementation may require an increase in business efficiency and the development of proprietary technologies.
1.2 Features of the development of the oil and gas industry in foreign countries
The study of foreign experience in the management and development of the oil and gas industry, the study of the main problems of the industry in countries that are Russia's competitors in the global oil and gas market, as well as trends in the development of the global oil and gas complex as a whole is a necessary condition for the formation of scientific ideas about the main directions for increasing the efficiency of the modern Russian oil and gas industry as an integral part of the world. Russian management practices in the oil and gas industry differ markedly from those used in foreign countries. For example, in countries with a liberal approach, private companies can develop deposits on their own; direct government participation in production is absent or insignificant.
The experiences of the USA and Canada are interesting from the point of view of regulating the oil and gas market. The global economy includes the following characteristic features of the American energy market: strict restrictions on the use of foreign capital in hydrocarbon production; patent system for the right to conduct exploration and production of hydrocarbons; effective legal support; strict antimonopoly policy, providing for equal access of companies to the market, excluding the monopoly position of any of them, even in the territory of a single state; tendency to strengthen centralized regulatory influence on oil and gas complexes. There are thousands of private mining companies operating in the US market. At the same time, there is no mineral extraction tax (MET), which makes it easier to achieve profitability. Oil production has been de-bureaucratized. Unlike Russia, where management is carried out through a ponderous budget planning system with minimal opportunities for operational adjustments, in the United States local oil producers have the ability to quickly and flexibly respond to market changes. The presence of a significant number of small oil refineries (ORPs) completely eliminates the problem of selling produced oil. Thus, in Russia there are only 50, and in the USA - more than 8 thousand small and medium-sized businesses in the oil sector. Canada carries out effective, diverse regulation of the sphere of subsoil use, which is carried out on the basis of the principles of ensuring the efficient use of subsoil, preventing unjustified depletion of reserves, and ensuring the efficiency of exports from the point of view of national interests.
Canada has a flexible taxation system for subsoil use: tax rates are regulated, “tax holidays” are provided, and a system of discounts is applied. Royalties depend on oil prices, well production rates, oil quality, type of fields, level of production and transportation costs, and discovery time. Such a mechanism encourages the search and exploration of new fields and areas and systematically increases the efficiency of oil production. The tax burden of oil production in the country is relatively high. Income tax is 40.8-45.8%, including federal - 28%, contributions to the provincial budget - 12.6-17.8%. The total share of the state in revenues from oil production, according to expert estimates, is 45-52%. In addition, one of the main areas of regulation is to stimulate the attraction of domestic and foreign investment. The Foreign Investment Act contains conditions for attracting them that ensure compliance with Canada's interests in the field of efficient use of resources, environmental protection, commercial interests, support for geological exploration (including direct subsidies), export controls (including control over the return of export proceeds), protectionism in towards resource-rich but underdeveloped areas, as well as respecting the interests of the indigenous population.
It is extremely significant from the point of view of Russian reality that measures such as a ban on companies and firms with state participation from using offshore schemes are also applied; a ban on the participation of managers of companies with state participation in creating their own companies, which can be used to withdraw company assets, including offshore; control over company income.
In large oil-producing countries, revenues from oil exports are organically digested and absorbed by national economies and redistributed among large populations. In Arab monarchies the situation is different. Huge oil revenues were dissolved by a small population.
In terms of oil and gas reserves, the Near and Middle East ranks first. Over the past decades, the countries of this region have been among the top ten leaders in global oil and gas production. Huge oil and gas reserves, as well as a high level of their production with a small indigenous population, are the main factors for countries of this type. The oil and gas industry is completely nationalized and controlled by the state through state-owned oil companies.
The largest oil-exporting countries in the Near and Middle East have been very successful in investing in Western economies through targeted investments in the structures of transnational corporations and large international financial organizations (including the World Bank and the IMF). Saudi Arabia's foreign investment already amounts to hundreds of billions of dollars, with most of it going to the United States. Kuwait is a co-owner of dozens of British, Canadian, American, Western European and Japanese companies (British Petroleum, General Motors, IBM, Kodak, Total, Sony, etc.).
In addition to three refineries on its territory, Kuwait owns three European plants - in Denmark, the Netherlands and Italy. Kuwait owns thousands of gas stations in Denmark, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy and Norway, and ten aviation refueling stations at major Western European airports. With a fleet of 25 of its own tankers, Kuwait, in fact, today has its own distribution network (the entire cycle from production to sale to the final consumer) for a significant part of the oil produced. Profits from foreign investments are becoming an increasingly significant source of foreign exchange earnings. Thus, one of the strategic directions of the oil policy of the countries of the Near and Middle East is the creation of an infrastructure for oil refining and sales of petroleum products abroad through the acquisition of assets of foreign oil companies, which allows for effective control over the full cycle of production, refining, and sales. The experience of Norway is also of practical interest, in which the oil and gas industry occupies the largest share in the structure of GDP, while being completely controlled by the state. This industry is the country's largest source of income, as well as the most important driver of technological and innovative development. In 2012, the oil and gas sector accounted for 23% of GDP, 30% of state budget revenues, 52% of export earnings and 29% of all investments. Norway ranks seventh among the world's largest oil exporters and third among gas exporters (according to 2013 data).
Revenues from Norway's oil and gas industry go to the State Pension Fund and are then invested in foreign securities. The fund, being both a savings and stabilization fund, ensures long-term stability of the country's budget system. The Norwegian government forms policy for the oil and gas sector, carries out long-term planning in the industry, selects territories for which licenses can be issued, conducts reserve assessments, geological exploration of unexplored areas, etc. The state controls the implementation of projects at all stages, requiring from companies a drilling program, a report on the discovery of deposits, a production plan, a transportation plan, a plan for processing the extracted raw materials and ensuring their compliance. The Ministry of Energy and Petroleum is responsible for shaping Norway's energy policy. It also plays a key role in issuing licenses.
Operational control over compliance with the terms of the licenses is carried out by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, which is subordinate to the Ministry. The strength of the Norwegian oil and gas complex is the chosen management model, the main element of which is government regulation. The state initially developed an effective program for the development of the oil and gas production complex, the right tasks were set: national control and participation in oil projects, rational resource management, a high level of technological competence, long-term potential. Among the methods chosen to achieve the set goals were the active involvement of foreign industry leaders and the rapid borrowing of financial and intellectual resources for investment in oil production. By allowing foreign companies to access their reserves, Norway obliged them to transfer their technological experience and train local personnel. Also, multinational oil companies were required to contribute to the financing of project engineering programs, which allowed the country to solve many research problems. The highly developed economy, in particular the social sphere, (to paraphrase, since the economy and the private sphere are not the same thing) of Norway indicate the effectiveness of the policy pursued in the field of subsoil use, management of the oil and gas sector and its legal regulation. - why is the text fragment highlighted in gray? P
Table 1. Features of the development of the oil and gas market in foreign countries
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Peculiarities |
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Strict restrictions on the use of foreign capital; Patent system for the right to conduct exploration and production; Effective legal support; Strict antimonopoly policy; The trend towards increased centralized regulatory influence on oil and gas companies; No mineral extraction tax (MET) |
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Diversified regulation of subsoil use; Flexible taxation system for subsoil use; Stimulating the attraction of domestic and foreign investment. |
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Near and Middle East |
The oil and gas industry has been completely nationalized; Investing in the Western economy through targeted investments in the structures of transnational corporations and large international financial organizations; Creation of infrastructure for oil refining and sales of petroleum products abroad |
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Norway |
An effective management model, the main element of which is government regulation; National control and participation in oil projects; Rational resource management; High level of technological competence; Actively attracting foreign industry leaders and rapidly borrowing financial and intellectual resources for investment in oil production |
Thus, a number of the above approaches are relevant for further improving the mechanisms for the development of the oil and gas market. These include regulation of the industry by the state, a tough position in defending national interests, the use of oil and gas revenues for investment in the national economy, a focus on innovative technologies, etc. The study and rational application of foreign experience will improve the efficiency of the Russian oil and gas complex.
Chapter 2. Basic concepts and content of innovative activity in the oil and gas industry
2.1. Innovative activities in the oil and gas complex abroad
For more than 150 years in the history of the oil and gas industry, its progress has been ensured by access to resources through innovation and new technologies. Technological development has changed the ways and methods of searching for resources, opened up access to the development of offshore fields and shale deposits, and increased the efficiency and safety of oil and gas production projects. New deepwater projects are demonstrating how new technologies are changing the mining map and providing access to resources that would have been unimaginable a few decades ago.
In economically developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan and EU countries), the fuel and energy complex is a sector of the national economy, the share of state participation in the management of which is significant. The most important means of implementing energy policy is the state scientific and technical policy in the field of energy.
Foreign oil and gas companies place great emphasis on scientific and technological development. The companies have their own large research centers and laboratories, design and engineering organizations. In addition to their own programs, companies finance joint research with other companies involving laboratories of higher educational institutions and government agencies.
In the field of exploration and development of oil and gas fields, the research departments of companies carry out work on modeling fields and the characteristics of productive formations used to plan oil production volumes with testing in the fields. The main efforts are aimed at improving drilling technologies that will significantly reduce well construction costs while simultaneously reducing the harmful impact on the environment, as well as improving secondary methods for extracting hydrocarbons.
In the field of oil and gas refining, research is aimed at improving the quality of main types of petroleum products. In manufacturing, efforts are focused on developing more cost-effective catalysts and process improvements, as well as developing new processes that improve product quality. In order to select promising territories for prospecting and exploration, new analytical and forecasting methods for assessing prospects are being developed. In search of alternative energy sources, research is being conducted with the goal of mastering the technology for the production of liquid synthetic fuel.
The result of these scientific developments will be gas conversion technology that will solve global energy needs by creating commercial markets located in remote locations that are inaccessible to conventional transportation. Accordingly, this will lead to the abandonment of the construction of expensive gas pipelines and powerful compressor stations, which will lead to a reduction in costs.
Among the priority developments of foreign companies are studies that will help reduce the harmful impact of production on the environment and improve occupational safety. Priority for oil companies are developments that have potential economic efficiency.
As the experience of foreign countries shows, the oil and gas industry is one of the most high-tech industries in the world. In recent years, a commitment to innovation has been a general trend in the development of the global oil and gas industry. The experience of the USA, Canada, Australia and Norway indicates that the oil and gas sector of the economy is a powerful “generator” of demand for knowledge-intensive and high-tech products.
There are circumstances under the influence of which the importance of developing new methods for introducing new technologies into the sector of activities related to the extraction and use of oil and gas resources is increasing in the world.
Firstly, in a number of countries around the world (USA, Canada, Norway, UK, etc.) oil and gas reserves are being depleted, and the need has arisen to develop fields on the sea shelves and deep-sea fields.
Secondly, the emergence and development of alternative energy sources is increasing. Their range is expanding, but their widespread use is hampered by high costs, which leads to low competitiveness compared to natural energy sources. However, these costs are constantly decreasing and therefore natural sources can only be competitive if the cost of their operation is low. In modern conditions, cost reduction means improving production, transportation and processing technology.
Thirdly, the instability of the world energy market.
Fourthly, there is a tightening of the institutional framework for the development of the oil and gas sector, this is due to the growing value of property rights to resources. Since the owner of the resources is interested in receiving rental income.
These factors do not affect the development of the oil and gas sector in different countries to the same extent; their effect is widespread and causes increased competition between producers. In modern conditions, competitive advantages are gained by those manufacturers who constantly reduce costs. Sustainable cost reduction is ensured by constantly updating technologies along the entire chain of movement of oil and gas resources.
An important tool of developed countries is to stimulate innovation through the tax system. There are three groups of tax instruments that stimulate innovation:
tax exemption for public and private organizations (VAT, property, land);
tax incentives that encourage companies to increase spending on research and development;
tax benefits for start-up companies in the early stages of their activities.
Tax benefits from the first group do not provide serious incentives for additional investment in R&D. Since if organizations are forced to pay all taxes provided for by law, then the state must compensate for these costs by increasing the amount of funding.
The global oil business has come very close to the stage when the role of oil companies has become reduced to obtaining a license for the right to develop or develop fields, providing financing and organizing all processes. The entire production part of the exploration, development and development of fields is carried out by third-party service companies. This transformation is due to the increasing technological complexity of a large number of heterogeneous operations during the exploration and exploitation of fields.
Traditionally, the overall leadership in the innovative development of the industry belongs to large vertically integrated companies; the technological competence of service companies has increased significantly. The largest service companies, such as Halliburton, Shlumberger and Baker Huges, currently have powerful modern research centers with government support, which allows them to occupy their niche in the innovation market.
The history of the emergence of innovative economies shows different examples of the time frames that were required to launch, accelerate and maintain the introduction of new technologies. There are countries that have systematically moved towards innovative development and those that have made an innovative breakthrough under the influence of government policy.
In Great Britain, until the beginning of the twenty-first century, there was no targeted policy to stimulate and introduce new technologies. In 2003, the Ministry of Trade and Industry published the government's strategy for technological development, and in 2004, the Technology Strategy Council was created, which invests in the creation of new technologies, supports their development and commercialization in the primary sector and the exchange of new effective technologies. Government funding for research is provided through a dual support system. It is made through one-time grants and in parallel the Department of Innovation funds the Research Councils, and they in turn finance research in the country. Today there are eight innovation and technology centers in the UK.
In France, the Law on Innovation and Research was adopted in 1999, which was supposed to reorganize and modernize the innovation system. The implementation of this law in 2002 led to the adoption of a special innovation plan, the purpose of which was to create a legal framework. Which in turn stimulated the development and implementation of new technologies in the mining and processing industries. More than 50% of government expenditures on R&D are provided by mining companies and processing companies of subsoil users.
The Spanish oil company Repsol has developed, with state support, a State Strategy for the Transfer of High Technologies. The management is carried out by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. To implement this strategy, 6,720 million euros have been allocated from the country’s budget from 2010 to the present time.
In the Netherlands, in 2003, the Ministry of Economic Relations implemented the program “The Path to Innovation, the Introduction of New Technologies in the Extractive Processing Industry. This program was supposed to lead to an improvement in the innovation climate. Companies were stimulated through customs preferences, exemptions and tax reductions.
Ireland switched to an innovative development path in 2007, when €8.2 billion was allocated to implement the Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy. It is the state that plays the main role in the process of introducing new technologies into the processing sector. The main direction to stimulate the development of knowledge-intensive industries is the allocation of grants for R&D and reduction of tax rates.
In Denmark, an important part of the innovation system is the GTS institutions (Godkendt Teknologisk Service - an approved technology service provider to the extractive sector), acting as a bridge between public and private actors. GTS are privately owned, independent consulting companies that develop and sell applied knowledge and technology services. The GTS was created by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.
In Germany, the first venture funds appeared in the 1970s and were aimed at developing innovative companies in the mining and processing sectors. Public-private partnership programs in research activities are being implemented. And if in the 70s the share of budget finances was 70% of R&D expenditures, today it is 30%. The legislative framework of the innovation system is formed in such a way that legal acts are conditionally divided into three groups:
belong to educational institutions;
to research organizations;
to the subsoil use sector.
In Finland, since the 2000s, the state fund Sitra has become the main investor in innovations for the oil and gas sector. Great importance is being given to the development of technology parks.
In Norway, the state co-finances R&D of raw materials companies. The main goal is to create a scientific environment on a global scale and accumulate knowledge in the field of oil production. The development of R&D is encouraged by a system of tax deductions for R&D expenses. While high taxes on oil production stimulate oil and gas companies to develop new technologies that will reduce production costs and increase the degree of oil recovery from reservoirs. The main direction of innovation policy is to involve enterprises in the mining and processing sector in research.
Japan, without its own raw material base, followed the vector of high technology development. In 1999, a law was passed to export technology in exchange for raw materials to Japan. In Sweden, only in 2005-2008, five priority areas for R&D funding were identified: biotechnology, sustainable development, energy saving, environment and medicine. High technology centers represent a combination of research and commercial forces in the interests of effective commercialization of new technologies.
US innovation policy dates back to the 1990s, most clearly expressed in the priorities that were outlined by Bill Clinton in his report to Congress “Science and Technology in the Extractive Sector: Shaping the 21st Century.” A feature of the development of the American innovation sphere is the emergence of innovation institutions independent from federal government bodies: technology parks and venture funds.
The oil and gas industry is a sector where process innovation has a huge impact not only on the bottom line of individual companies, but also on the state of the national economy as a whole. It is clear that the oil and gas industry has demonstrated a number of amazing achievements around the world over the past decade. For most major oil and gas companies, innovation is a critical part of the company's corporate culture and mission, and companies reap significant benefits from their innovation efforts.
The most pressing challenges for oil and gas companies in the area of innovation are developing the right technology strategy and the right operating model, choosing the right business partners and using the right set of performance indicators to assess the company's progress along the path of innovative development.
Innovation leadership is an important factor in the economic growth of companies. Oil and gas companies are working consistently and purposefully to take their production capabilities to the next level. Technological innovations make it possible to extract from the subsoil such types of fuel, the extraction of which was impossible 10-20 years ago. It is envisaged to use a “well pad” for drilling multiple wells in one area, this helps to increase productivity, while eliminating the need to expand the geographical presence of sector companies in remote regions. According to some estimates, the average oil and gas well in North America has quadrupled its production in just the past six years. This is consistent with the results of studies in many fields carried out over several decades. It is obvious that oil and gas companies are already building their work correctly in many areas.
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