Prospects for improving the forms of ensuring loan repayment in PJSC Rosbank

With the increase in lending in Russian Federation The volume of non-performing loans in the credit sector is inevitably growing. Despite the influx of foreign investment, the state of local currencies was not alarming. All this awaited euphoria on stock market, in isolation from reality, banks issued loans. At almost every step there were advertisements of a similar nature: “loan in 30 minutes”, “just a call and the money is already in your pocket”, newspapers also lured with various offers for loans, and in some banks it is enough to show only a passport or card.

But excessive lending growth can be a threat because it often ends in a sharp decline in lending volumes and subsequent shocks to the financial and real sectors of the economy.

According to the IMF, over the past 30 years, 75% of credit booms in countries with developing economy accompanied banking crises, and 85% - by devaluation of national currencies. A similar situation has developed in Russia. And the leading role here was played by overdue debts, both in consumer lending, and in the mortgage sector. According to official CMAAC estimates, the total NPL rate for personal loans was 4.3%, for businesses - 2.1% of all loans, as for mortgage lending, then this is almost 8%, and by the end of 2016, according to Rosbank Experts, mortgages accounted for about 20%.

It follows from this that in absolute terms the hole in bank balance sheets amounted to 400-500 million rubles. At the same time, enterprises, trying to stretch out the debt collection process and thereby postpone their bankruptcy, wisely use all legal possibilities. They are trying to challenge loan agreements with banks by going to court with counterclaims against the creditor bank. Their goal is to gain time in the hope of changing the overall economic situation in the country and the world. Hope for a speedy recovery, including assurances from the government that the credit problem Russian economy will be overcome mainly in the next six months to a year. In support of this, since October 2008, the government has regularly "injected" money into Russian banks (according to some sources, almost a trillion rubles) with the clear goal of getting it to businesses. And he promises that this process will continue until the situation is normalized. Of course, this does not apply to all enterprises, but only to those that are the most promising for the domestic economy and also ensure the economic and defense security of the country. In addition, the state reports that it is ready to directly support them by purchasing preference shares or bonds of enrolled companies, entering the authorized capital of debt organizations.

In addition to businesses, the population has become a major defaulter. IN last years This market segment is very attractive for banks, since the profitability of this loan portfolio compared to lending to legal entities is much higher due to greater risk and amounts to 25-30%.

The highest level of non-repayment was observed in the express lending segment - the most profitable for banks. Therefore, almost all banks this moment They simply stopped issuing these loans. In smaller volumes, defaults on car loans and mortgages are also increasing.

A correct assessment of the borrower’s creditworthiness and, accordingly, a fair price for the loan product is the key to confidence in the return of credited funds and, as a result, the effective operation of the bank. In this sense, the crisis caused a sanitizing effect, revealing problems and bottlenecks banking system. Weak banks did not survive, and the rest became more responsible for lending to individuals and legal entities, choosing more reliable borrowers. As a result, banks' retail loan portfolios should improve, and this will reduce the growth rate of overdue debt.

How do banks strengthen their efforts to assess the creditworthiness of their customers?

Firstly, banks are introducing and improving governance mechanisms credit risk. Credit bureaus are one of the most important references when analyzing credit risks. At the same time, the main tools are analytics and software, that is, the ability to automate and centralize the monitoring and analysis of potential customer data. Secondly, for this it is still relatively new activity The bank needs to find competent personnel, of which there is currently an acute shortage.

Banks are either trying to resolve loan defaults, trying to use their own security services, or increasingly using debt recovery tools such as resale of part of the loan portfolio to another lender or collection agency. Collectors often work as legal advisors, advising debtors on the legal side, citing laws aimed at punishing bad actors and creditors. Some banks believe that care must be taken in engaging contractors in collections, while it is unlikely that any bank will want to spend time dealing with loans with a low probability of collection. Even in today's difficult financial sector, investors are interested in buying portfolios of Russian distressed debt. Selling such a portfolio with immediate cash payment will clear the bank's balance sheet and free up time for retail lending department employees.

Pledge is the most promising form of ensuring loan repayment in Rosbank PJSC, since it has undoubted advantages among other methods of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations in modern market conditions.

The following are the advantages of collateral:

- a property pledge agreement ensures the availability and safety of this property at the time when the debtor has to pay the creditor, i.e. The pledge remains in force for the entire duration of the main obligation. Moreover, the value of the pledged property will increase in proportion to the level of inflation;
- a real danger of losing property is a good incentive for the debtor to fulfill his obligations properly, because The subject of collateral, as a rule, is particularly valuable, highly liquid property.

Also an important form of ensuring loan repayment are guarantees and sureties. In this case, property liability is borne by the borrower, as a rule, by a third party.

Thus, creditors have at their disposal the most various ways ensuring the return of the slave bank loan.

Which method should be applied in practice depends on a wide variety of factors, including: legal security for the possibility of using specific forms; the lender's previous experience in this area; the possibility of attracting qualified lawyers specializing in certain forms of security; real possibilities of the lender and borrower, etc.

The scope of use of various forms of ensuring loan repayment, taking into account the degree of effectiveness of these forms, depends on the real economic situation, which develops under the influence of many factors. The main ones are the financial condition of the borrower and the quality of the loan security he has (Table 17).

Table 17 Score of the quality of secondary forms of loan repayment security

As can be seen from Table 17, the highest score, which means the most effective, has: deposit and deposit deposits. In these cases there is a relatively high maximum amount loan. At the same time, the complexity of mortgage appraisal reduces the maximum loan level. A lower score was obtained in guarantees (guarantees) and collateral valuable papers.

The maximum loan amount, subject to a guarantee with high creditworthiness of the guarantor, can reach 100%. If the creditworthiness of the guarantor is questionable, the degree of risk increases and therefore the bank may reduce the amount of the loan provided compared to the amount specified in the guarantee agreement or letter of guarantee. The lowest indicator associated with increasing loan repayment risk is assignment of claims and transfer of ownership.

The presence in the arsenal of banking instruments of various forms of ensuring loan repayment implies right choice from an economic point of view of one of them in a specific situation.

To do this, during the consideration of a loan application, it is necessary to analyze the specific borrower for the risk of granting a loan. Two indicators are used as risk criteria: the financial condition of the borrower and the quality of its collateral.

The financial condition of the borrower in economic life is determined by the level of profitability and the share of the reserve due to own funds. In accordance with this, three groups of enterprises with different levels of risk are distinguished late repayment loan:

- impeccable financial condition, i.e. Strong equity base and high profitability;
- satisfactory financial condition;
- unsatisfactory financial condition, i.e. Low share of own funds and low level profitability.

Based on the availability and quality of supply, all enterprises are divided into four risk groups, having:

- impeccable safety;
- sufficient but unfavorable security structure;
- it is difficult to evaluate the collateral;
- no collateral.

Undoubtedly, depending on the belonging of the enterprises to a certain group, taking into account the above criteria, the degree of risk for the bank for later repayment of the loan varies. Therefore, some form of loan repayment security must be used.

Measures taken by a credit institution in relation to current loans may be as follows (Table 18):

Table 18 Measures taken by the credit institution in relation to existing loans

We will look at these measures in more detail.

Implementation and maintenance of the banking system supervisory authorities- managers and personal managers who can provide solutions to a range of issues of interaction between the client (especially a large one) and the bank. Assigning a personal manager to a client increases the efficiency of service, the speed of response to emerging problems and difficulties, which significantly reduces operational risks and the risk of misunderstanding between the client and a bank employee who is accidentally called upon to solve a specific (one-time) problem, which requires much more time to competently learn how in the system of relations itself, and in the essence of a specific problem and find ways to solve it;

Creation of a typical “problem symptom matrix.” It is advisable for the Bank to use a detailed grouping of indicators that allow it to quickly and effectively identify and classify problem loans.

To most effectively prevent the emergence of problem loans, it is necessary to determine the preconditions for the appearance of signs of problems with transactions even before the implementations themselves are implemented. The signs that indicate there may be a problem (including hidden) debt can vary greatly.

Creation of a typical matrix of the most likely behavior of the borrower. In this case, the main (typical, basic) scenarios for the possible development of the situation should be developed after the borrower receives the loan. Such a matrix can serve as a key for a loan officer.

Creation of a typical “bank action matrix”. It is advisable for a credit institution to establish an action algorithm that describes a number of strategic, tactical and operational measures that are taken and are adequate to certain typical scenarios for the development of the situation, especially in the case of (Ideally, the initial stages of the appearance of initial signs of problems).

The development of such a “matrix” set of measures will require relatively small investment, but will lead to a significant improvement in the quality and speed of decision-making on problematic situations arising in systems such as “borrower-bank”, and will allow for a significant and timely resolution (prevent) of a conflict situation. Reduce loss of sides.

Creation of a software package that helps the loan officer make qualified and informed decisions in a timely manner. Using the matrices described above leads to the creation software(software), which allows them to target the loan officer.

The mechanism of action of this class of software “expert-analytical training and self-learning system is recommended”: after entering the main formalized indicators for a specific transaction (indicators of the financial and economic activities of the borrower, external performance indicators Industry, borrower, etc.)

In the system database program, comparing the entered actual data with the typical data of the matrix of signs of transaction problems and the matrix of scenarios of borrower behavior, transactions and “issues”: assessment of the situation, signs of problematic transactions and a list of priority actions necessary to improve the quality of the transaction.

The objectives of this software are:

- After analyzing each individual transaction, identify problematic transactions;
- Preliminary problematic transactions analyze financial and economic indicators, production activities borrower, balance sheet data, other reports at the disposal of the Bank;
- compare external and internal factors affecting the borrower’s servicing of the transaction;
- determine the degree of problematic solvency recommended for appointment;
- compare the transaction status with the borrower’s behavior scenarios; “anticipate” the most likely behavior of the borrower;
- based on the most likely behavior of the borrower and the degree of the transaction problem, choose the most appropriate course of action for the bank;
- determine the impact of this transaction on the homogeneous loan portfolio and the bank’s loan portfolio as a whole;
- Predict the cumulative impact of problem loans on the performance of the loan portfolio;
- process (calculate) data on the bank’s loan portfolio (volume, proportions, risk concentration, risk assessment, etc.).

Creating such detailed software is extremely important during a crisis, accompanied by a multiple increase in the volume of work with a constant number of loan officers.

The recognition of many loans as problematic could be avoided if borrowers took the following actions:

- at the stage of applying for a loan, without distortion, they provided complete information about their financial and other status, debt load;
- promptly informed the bank about all changes in their life, financial and economic activities that may directly or indirectly affect the repayment of the loan;
- if problems arose with repaying the loan, they did not delay or aggravate the situation, but immediately turned to the creditor bank for help in solving the problems.

Since measures that can be taken by persons other than lenders and borrowers (third parties, including the state), which directly affect the quality of the relationship and the financial condition of both, can be indicated in the table. 19.

Table 19 Measures affecting the quality of relationships and the financial condition of the bank

Measures affecting the quality of relationships and the financial condition of the bank
1. It is advisable for banks to insure not individual loans, but portfolios of homogeneous loans with an increased risk of non-repayment
2. Part of the Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation may be used to insure loans, especially during economic crises
3. It is necessary to strengthen the legal protection of the rights of borrowers, to establish priority legal conditions for existing borrower enterprises in judicial consistency with creditor banks
4. It is advisable to legally retain repayment obligations, even those recognized as hopeless for collection and loans written off by banks, for borrowers for a longer period of time in order to stimulate the repayment of debt upon improvement financial condition debtor

The above-mentioned measures make it possible to exclude potentially unreliable borrowers, facilitate the repayment of already granted loans, increase confidence in the banking system as a whole, including due to the growing role of the state in this process, and give the debtor the opportunity to restore his “good name”.

Thus, in conclusion we can draw the following conclusions:

- PJSC Rosbank is one of the leaders in the market financial services for small and medium businesses. The Bank offers comprehensive services for small and medium-sized enterprises, including specially designed loan products;
- analysis of financial activities and statistical data for the past year of the credit organization. Open Joint Stock Company "Rosbank" indicates the absence of negative trends that could affect the financial stability of the bank in the future;
- Credit work at PJSC Rosbank is structured in such a way that the greatest attention is paid to the main sources of loan repayment. However, in order to minimize risks and overcome unforeseen situations, due attention is paid to additional sources of loan repayment, which include collateral, guarantees and sureties;
- collateral is the most promising form of securing loan repayment at Rosbank PJSC, since it has undoubted advantages among other methods of securing the fulfillment of obligations in modern market conditions;
- an ideal way to ensure the repayment of bank loans, unfortunately, does not yet exist. In this regard, the choice of a specific type of security must be made independently by each credit institution within the framework of making a decision on a specific loan transaction. But our country still needs to pass laws that would allow judges and law enforcement agencies to ensure that a borrower's debt to the lender is repaid.
- analysis of the dynamics of forms of security for loan repayment in the context of legal and individuals shows that the most used form of collateral for loan obligations remains collateral over the past three years. Its share in providing loans to corporate clients is 100%, since under the terms of lending to legal entities, Rosbank only accepts collateral. The share of collateral in securing loans to retail clients of Rosbank PJSC is slightly lower. In 2015 it was 53%, in 2016 - 51%.

Purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms

Attracting deposits and placing precious metals

Issue bank guarantees

Making money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts (except for postal transfers)

Issuance of guarantees for third parties providing for the fulfillment of obligations in cash

Acquiring the right to demand from third parties the fulfillment of obligations in cash

Trust management in cash and other property under an agreement with individuals and legal entities

Carrying out transactions with precious metals and precious stones in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation

Providing for rent to individuals and legal entities special premises or safes located in them for storing documents and valuables

Leasing operations

Providing consulting and information services

Throughout its history, Rosbank PJSC has paid great attention to the implementation of social projects. PJSC Rosbank is one of the most reliable Russian banks. This makes it attractive to everyone who would like to save and increase their accumulated funds and receive high-quality banking services.

The structure of the entire bank is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - Organizational structure of PJSC Rosbank

The general management of the Bank is carried out by the Board of Directors between general meetings shareholders. Main executive body is the Management Board, headed by the Chairman of the Management Board. The board consists of heads of departments, which include functionally separated structural units.

Front-line units provide customer service in all areas of activity, and supervision of certain types of activities is carried out by the relevant structural unit of the profile.

If a transaction requires the participation of several structural units, then a responsible employee is appointed in one or another structural unit to support these types of transactions. This expresses the elements of the matrix control circuit, and common system control can be characterized as linear-functional.

The goal of Rosbank PJSC is to provide consulting services to Russian and Western companies, organize mergers and acquisitions and attract financing in the Russian and international markets in various forms from issuing bonds to using complex structured products.

Strong partnerships with leading investment banks in the USA and Europe allow us to cover not only Russian but also international capital markets.

Let's look at the main performance indicators of Rosbank PJSC in Table 4.

Table 4

Key performance indicators of PJSC Rosbank

Index				Deviation
				Abs., million rubles

Profit before tax
Funds and profits
Loans to enterprises (including individual entrepreneurs)
Consumer loans (no overdue ones)
Overdue consumer loans
Securities
Bonds

Bank bills
Non-bank bills
Property
Current accounts
Resident deposits
Non-resident deposits
Deposits of individuals
ATM turnover

The table shows that assets in 2016 amounted to 915,737 million rubles. (which is 123.34%). This growth was driven by growth in the securities portfolio and an increase in customer lending.

Profit before tax for the analyzed period decreased by 10,272 million rubles. or by 25.56%, since in 2016 the profit was at a loss and amounted to 2091 million rubles. The reasons for this loss are excessive “jumps” in exchange rates, as well as the introduction of sanctions against Russia.

Funds and profits in 2016 increased by 8,041 and amounted to 107.67%, which is primarily due to an increase in the average interest rate on loans provided.

Loans to enterprises (including IP) during the analyzed period increased by 63,348 million rubles. And amounted to 132.87%. Consumer loans (without arrears) showed a decrease of 61,978 million rubles. And it amounted to 72.13%. Consumption of consumer loans increased by 9.176 million rubles. and amounted to 173.30%.

Securities in 2016 amounted to 114,370 million rubles, the total growth for the analyzed period was 141.50%. Bonds during the analyzed period increased by 47,090 million rubles. and amounted to 173.28%.

Bank bills showed a decrease of -13,266 million rubles. and amounted to 18.51%. As a result of a decrease in investments in bank bills, their share in securities portfolios decreased.

Non-bank accounts also showed a decrease of 284 million rubles. During the period under study, the volume of property increased by 12.772 million rubles. And amounted to 165.38%. Current accounts showed an increase of 43,877 million rubles. and amounted to 145.88%. Residents' deposits increased by 70,468 million rubles. and amounted to 181.52%. Non-resident deposits decreased by 16,010 million rubles, or 10.75%.

The volume of deposits of individuals in 2016 amounted to 192,416 million rubles, for the analyzed period - 36,963 million rubles. Or by 123.78%.

ATM turnover amounted to 51.309 million rubles, for the analyzed period - by 8,297 million rubles. or by 86.08%.

Thus, at the moment, according to the cost approach, the bank has high potential due to the improvement of the loan portfolio, which has affected the increase in the value of net assets.

One of the main principles of the activities of Rosbank PJSC is information openness. This is primarily due to the financial performance of the bank. In addition to mandatory quarterly and annual reporting in accordance with Russian standards, Rosbank OJSC traditionally prepares financial statements in accordance with international standards.

The main task of Rosbank PJSC in the field of corporate finance is to provide consulting services to Russian and Western companies, organize mergers and acquisitions, carry out activities to attract financing for potential companies in the Russian and international markets in various forms from issuing shares and bonds for the use of complex structured products .

Extensive experience and excellent understanding of all areas of investment banking allow us to offer clients comprehensive solutions to problems of any size and level of complexity.

PJSC Rosbank offers its VIP clients first-class banking services, the main principles of which are complexity, strict confidentiality and an individual approach that takes into account the client’s wishes.

A personal manager assigned to a VIP client develops individual service plans. At any time convenient for the VIP client personal manager provides consultations on banking issues, legal issues, as well as taxation of the client’s personal income and property.

The accumulated experience in the field of private lending allows the bank to pursue a balanced credit policy that takes into account the interests of both the loan recipient and the bank.

Separate regulations The Bank has identified and structured a mechanism for making decisions on credit transactions. The vertical structure was formed from credit committees of different levels, differentiated in accordance with the assumptions for making decisions on the confirmation of credit transactions for various amounts.

The competence of the Credit Committee of the highest level (Chairman of the Committee - Chairman of the Board of the Bank) includes transactions that constitute a significant part of the Bank's capital. For all subsequent subordinate credit committees, decision-making limits are determined in proportion to the position of credit committee members in descending order.

Due to the fact that one of the main profiles of the Bank is consumer lending, and also taking into account the fact that decisions on issuing loans of this type cannot be carried out in accordance with the established scheme (agreement with the Credit Committee), the Bank has developed a separate decision-making mechanism for this species loans.

This mechanism is a method whose principle is based on comparing various data about the borrower, which he provides to the Bank (some data is checked by the Bank's Security Service), as well as individual data about the potential borrower, which the Bank is able to collect independently.

Based on this data, a decision is made to provide or not provide a loan. This methodology is a priori flawed, and loans provided based on it have a high rate of non-repayment and/or inadequate debt servicing (late and incomplete).

This high risk for consumer loans is initially built into the interest rate on the loan.

2.2 Analysis financial indicators jar

PJSC Rosbank is the largest Russian bank and among them ranks 14th in terms of net assets.

We will analyze the economic activities of PJSC Rosbank based on financial statements.

PJSC "Rosbank" is on the pawnshop list, and the Bank of Russia accepts bonds of the credit institution in question as collateral; has the right to work with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and can attract its funds for trust management, in deposits and savings for housing provision for military personnel; has the right to work with non-state pension funds, carrying out mandatory pension insurance, and can attract pension savings and savings for housing provision for military personnel; has the right to open accounts and deposits in accordance with Law 213-FZ of July 21, 2014, i.e. organizations of strategic importance for the military-industrial complex and security of the Russian Federation; Authorized representatives of the Bank of Russia have been appointed to the credit institution (Table 5).

bank creditworthiness credit

The balance sheet shows the financial position of a company as of a specific date. One section of the balance sheet reflects the bank's assets, while

as the other part shows liabilities and equity.

Assets include cash, precious metals and stones, loans granted, investments in securities, bank property, accounts receivable, i.e. placement of funds is reflected. Liabilities are intended to account for the authorized capital and funds, funds raised, interbank loans received, bank profits, accounts payable and other liabilities that are the bank's resources.

A bank's liquid assets are those bank funds that can be quickly converted into cash to be returned to their depositor clients.

We present the structure of highly liquid assets in the form of a table6.

Table 6

Structure of highly liquid assets of PJSC Rosbank

Indicator name				Abs., million rubles

funds in the cash register
funds in accounts with the Bank of Russia
NOSTRO correspondent accounts in banks (net)
interbank loans placed for up to 30 days
highly liquid securities of the Russian Federation
highly liquid securities of banks and states
highly liquid assets taking into account discounts and adjustments

The table shows that a strong liquidity position is due to a high volume of liquid and highly liquid assets, which is expressed in sufficient coverage of potential outflows with highly liquid assets. The amount of funds in the cash desk decreased by 14,507 million rubles. and amounted to 53.15% for the analyzed period.

The amount of funds in accounts with the Bank of Russia increased by 1003 million rubles. or by 798.75%.

The amount of NOSTRO correspondent accounts with banks for the analyzed period showed a decrease of 12,082 million rubles. and amounted to 54.97%.

The volume of interbank loans placed for up to 30 days in 2016 amounted to 57,185 million rubles. or 52.87%. The amount of highly liquid securities of the Russian Federation increased by 796 million rubles. or by 113.41%.

The amount of highly liquid securities of banks and states in 2016 amounted to 1842 million rubles, during the analyzed period it increased by 796 million rubles. and amounted to 176.10%. The amount of highly liquid assets, taking into account discounts and adjustments, decreased by 15,026 million rubles. and amounted to 87.80%. The bank maintains its liquidity through stable income by investing in securities.

On reporting date(April 01, 2017) the net assets of ROSBANK Bank amounted to 782.91 billion rubles. Over the year, assets decreased by -5.95%. The decline in net assets had a positive impact on the return on assets ROI: over the year, return on net assets increased from 0.84% to 1.40%.

In order to maintain liquidity, the bank must strive to minimize costs when selling assets and attracting

liabilities, which is a prerequisite for maintaining the stability of its financial condition.

In terms of services provided, the bank mainly attracts client money, and these funds are quite diversified (between legal entities and individuals), and invests funds mainly in loans.

IN current liabilities PJSC Rosbank distinguishes:

Liabilities to banks

Liabilities to clients and savings deposits (deposits),

Obligations of the clientele under acceptances issued for them,

Unpaid taxes, etc.

The structure of current liabilities is shown in table7.

Table 7

Structure of current liabilities of PJSC Rosbank

Indicator name				Abs., million rubles

deposits of individuals with a maturity of over a year
other deposits of individuals (including individual entrepreneurs) (for a period of up to 1 year)
deposits and other funds of legal entities (for a period of up to 1 year)
correspondent accounts of LORO banks
interbank loans received for a period of up to 30 days
own securities
obligations to pay interest, arrears, accounts payable and other debts
expected cash outflow
current liabilities

The table shows that the amount of deposits of individuals with a term of over a year increased by 3888 million rubles. and amounted to 104.98%.

The amount of other deposits of individuals (including individual entrepreneurs) (for a period of up to 1 year) during the analyzed period increased by 35,871 million rubles. or by 139.05%. The amount of deposits and other funds of legal entities (up to 1 year) decreased during the analyzed period by 33,124 million rubles, and amounted to 83.84%. The amount of correspondent accounts of LORO banks showed a decrease of 7,493 million rubles. and amounted to 78.80%. The amount of interbank loans received for a period of up to 30 days is also in a negative position and amounts to 65.86%. The amount of own securities decreased by 1665 million rubles. and amounted to 21.61%.

The amount of interest payment obligations increased during the analyzed period by 1359 million rubles. and amounted to 109.22%. The reason for this is the growth of income through the profitable placement of available resources. Resources commercial bank represent the bank's liabilities and sources of own funds.

The expected cash outflow decreased by RUB 25,107 million. or by 85.14%. The amount of current liabilities decreased by 9004 million rubles and amounted to 97.99% for the analyzed period.

The structure of income-generating assets is shown in table8.

Table 8

Indicator name				Abs., million rubles

Interbank loans
Loans to legal entities
Loans to individuals

Investments in leasing operations and acquired rights of claim
Investments in securities
Other income loans
Income assets

The table shows that interbank loans increased by 36,943 million rubles. and amounted to 142.65%.

Loans to legal entities during the analyzed period amounted to 101.73%, showing an increase of 4,117 million rubles. The increase in the share of loans to legal entities and the decrease in the share of loans to individuals is primarily due to a change in the approach to collateral.

During 2016, organizations were actively receiving loans due to the fact that each product was accompanied by collateral in the form of real estate, when in relation to the procedure for lending to individuals, the procedure for analyzing credit history and other factors was only tightened

Loans to individuals decreased by 99,690 million rubles. and amounted to 58.78%. Bills decreased by 597 million rubles. and amounted to 92.74%. Investments in leasing operations and acquired rights of claim in 2016 amounted to 7526 million rubles, during the analyzed period they increased by 269.07%. Investments in securities increased by 15399 million rubles. and amounted to 111.53%. Other profitable loans amounted to 4009 million rubles. or 0.56%, during the analyzed period increased by 65 million rubles. or by 101.65%. Income assets decreased during the analyzed period by 142,596 million rubles. or by 83.28%. During the analyzed period, there was a significant change in the total value of the bank's assets and its component items. This change is primarily due to changes in the volume of loans to individuals (58.78%) and the volume of bills (92.74%).

Analytics on the degree of security of issued loans, as well as their structure, is presented in table. 9

Table 9

Analytics on the degree of security of issued PJSC loans"Rosbank"

Indicator name				Abs., million rubles

Securities accepted as collateral for loans issued
Property accepted as security
Loan portfolio amount

The table shows that securities accepted as collateral for issued loans decreased during the analyzed period by 20,553 million rubles. and amounted to 82.64%. Property accepted as collateral increased by 656,759 million rubles. or by 345.20%.

The loan portfolio in 2016 amounted to 620,143 million rubles, the share of which was 121.64%. During the analyzed period there was a decrease of 31,618 million rubles. or by 95.15%. The bank focuses on diversified lending, the form of which is guarantees and sureties. The overall level of loan collateral is quite high, and possible non-repayment of loans will most likely be compensated by the volume of collateral.

The bank pays special attention to the conditions for receiving contractual funds from interest payments and repayment of the credit authority. If the bank expects to receive all interest and principal on the loan in in full, but with the present probability that these funds will be received later than the date agreed in the contract, an estimate of depreciation is carried out. The Bank analyzes depreciation in two main areas: provision for impairment on an individual basis and on a collective basis. The Bank determines the provisions required for each individually significant loan on an individual basis.

Another important risk faced by a bank during its operations is liquidity risk, which is the risk that the Bank will not be able to meet its payment obligations on the maturity date in the normal course of business and in times of stress.

Currency risk is the risk associated with the influence of fluctuations exchange rate on the cost of financial instruments. The management of Rosbank PJSC has set limits on the level of risk for positions on different currencies in accordance with the requirements of the Central Bank. Positions are monitored daily.

Another risk that is important to a bank is operational risk, the risk of loss due to system failure, human error, fraud or external events. The Bank cannot expect to eliminate all operational risks, but manages these risks by applying a system of controls, monitoring potential risks and responding accordingly. The control system ensures effective distribution of responsibilities, procedures for access, authorization and coordination, training of personnel and procedures for conducting assessments, including internal audit.

The risk management system of Rosbank PJSC is the interrelation of methods, methods, methods of work of personnel, and management bodies of the Bank.

Analysis of financial activities and statistics for 2014-2016. OJSC Rosbank indicates the absence of negative trends that could affect the financial stability of the bank in the future.

2.3 Analysis of credit operations of Rosbank PJSC

For this purpose, we will study the state of the loan portfolio of PJSC Rosbank (Table 10).

Table 10

Composition and structure of the loan portfolio of PJSC Rosbank for 2014-2016.

Index				Abs., million rubles

Legal entities
including, overdue
physical
including, overdue
Loan portfolio
including, overdue

As can be seen from the table data, the loan portfolio of Rosbank PJSC consists of loans provided to legal entities and individuals. In 2014, the majority of loans (50.75%) were provided to legal entities. In subsequent years, the bank changed direction and already in 2015, the share of loans issued to individuals decreased to 37.31%. Accordingly, the share of loans issued to legal entities increased.

The size of the loan portfolio during the analyzed period increased by 1.32%, with an increase in loans provided to legal entities by 35.71% and a decrease in the volume of loans provided to individuals by 28.94%.

Despite the increase in the volume of lending to legal entities, the share of overdue debt tended to decrease - 4.23%. The level of overdue debts of legal entities turned out to be half as much as the share of overdue debts of the population, which increased by 8.88% over the analyzed time interval. The share of total overdue debt in the loan portfolio increased from 8.7% to 10.32%, which required an increase in contributions to reserves for possible losses.

Let us reflect the indicators of overdue debt on loans issued to individuals in Table 11.

Table 11

Overdue debt on loans issued to individuals by Rosbank PJSC for 2014-2016.

The table shows that the volume of loans provided to individuals increased by 42,815 million rubles. and amounted to 132.35%.

The volume of overdue debts of individuals also showed an increase and amounted to 23,718 million rubles, the share of the increase is 187.98%.

Despite the increase in the share of overdue debt by 8 million rubles. In its overall loan portfolio, the Bank adheres to a conservative approach to assessing credit risk and pays special attention to the adequacy of the formation of reserves for accepted credit risks.

The result of credit risk management is the qualification of assets into the appropriate quality categories (Table 12).

Table 12

Share of debt classified by quality categories for 2014-2016.

As can be seen from the data presented, in 2016, the majority of the loan portfolio was made up of loans and equivalent debt of the 1st and 2nd quality categories, which indicates the proper quality of the loan portfolio. Compared to 2014, the share of loans of the 1st and 2nd quality categories increased by 5.3 percentage points. The share of the fourth quality category decreased by 0.8 percentage points, and the share of the fifth category increased slightly, by only 0.4 p.p.

These successes were achieved thanks to the credit risk management system created at Rosbank OJSC.

In particular, minimizing credit risk for a corporate loan portfolio includes the following activities:

Maintaining a diversified portfolio structure by industry, regional, currency, loan repayment terms, type of collateral, types credit products;

Establishing risk limits for individual borrowers or groups of related borrowers;

The use of differentiated, multi-level, integrated approach to the assessment of client loan applications.

In the field of retail lending the most important aspect The bank's activities are to maintain an optimal balance between the profitability of the retail loan portfolio and existing credit risks, taking into account the possible trend of their further growth. The main tools for managing credit risks are:

Improving the restriction policy, according to which decisions on the provision of loans are made either by counting clients or jointly by representatives of business units and divisions;

Implementation of a methodology for risk segmentation of the client base;

Constant monitoring of the effectiveness of scoring models, constant expansion of the coverage of scoring cards of credit products and client segments;

Rapid response to increasing credit risk factors - tightening conditions and/or limiting credit to potential borrowers whose credit risk is assessed as “high” by changing and adapting assessment models, credit rules and conditions;

Application pricing policy to differentiate interest rates depending on the risk segment of the borrower, which allows you to attract high-quality borrowers, offering them more attractive rates due to low risk for such borrowers.

The structure of the consumer lending portfolio by type of lending is presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3 - Structure of the loan portfolio of PJSC Rosbank

Based on the data in Figure 3, we can say that the bulk of the loan portfolio of Rosbank PJSC is occupied by mortgage lending, which amounted to 188,338.4 thousand rubles. at the beginning of 2015.

Approximately the same volume in the structure of the loan portfolio is car loans - 146,623.57 thousand rubles. and consumer loans - 114558.3 thousand rubles. The smallest volume was occupied by loans provided to VIP clients and employees - 4343.95 thousand rubles.

According to the all-Russian PJSC rating Rosbank took 2nd place in Russia in terms of the volume of consumer loans provided through mortgage lending and lending to small businesses and 7th place among all Russian banks in Russia in terms of the volume of loans provided to individuals.

Every month, the bank submits a report to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and conducts an analysis of lending to Rosbank PJSC, which makes it possible to identify the results of activities of each of the additional. lending offices, and overall results credit activities bank, as well as identify positive and negative trends in the areas of the bank’s lending activities.

Lending analysis includes data on changes in the size of the loan portfolio in absolute terms, in quantitative terms, the issuance and repayment of loans by type, the interest income received on credit operations is indicated, and the loan portfolio is classified into risk groups.

We will analyze the lending operations of Rosbank PJSC.

In 2016, the volume of loan investments amounted to 988 loan agreements for a total amount in ruble equivalent of 119,992 thousand rubles.

The characteristics of credit operations by type of lending are as follows (Table 13):

Table 13

Characteristics of lending operations of Rosbank PJSC in 2016

The table shows that in 2016, 988 credit transactions were carried out, of which 74 were commercial, 914 were consumer.

The actual debt from commercial loans is 112,507 million rubles. (105,022 million rubles more than from consumer ones).

Overdue debt from commercial loans amounts to 474 million rubles. (471 million rubles more than from consumer ones).

Let's imagine the structure of credit operations in Fig. 4.

Figure 4 - Structure of credit operations

The figure shows that consumer loans account for 89%. Commercial loans are 78% less and account for 11%.

Of greatest interest to the bank's clients is the program of lending to the population for any purpose.

Thus, the analysis of lending by Rosbank PJSC shows positive trends in the lending activities of this bank, as well as the demand for the products offered in the field of lending in the banking services market.

These indicators reflect the qualified approach of bank personnel when conducting credit operations, which allows us to say that each credit transaction goes through successive and necessary stages when issuing a loan.

2.4 Measures to improve the bank’s credit operations using the example of Rosbank PJSC

An analysis of the management of credit operations of Rosbank PJSC identified problems that the bank has to face in the process of credit operations.

Two points can be highlighted here:

Organization of work with problem loans;

Aimed at reducing the processing time of a loan application.

Firstly, the key type of risk for the Bank is the risk of non-repayment or untimely repayment by borrowers of loans received from the bank. Despite the fact that the share of overdue debt is small (0.16%), there are some loans issued large clients, the debt for which at the beginning of the reporting period in 2015 amounted to 13-18% of the bank’s equity capital.

In its activities to solve this problem, Rosbank PJSC creates sufficient reserves for possible loan losses, also maintains the structure of the loan portfolio in accordance with the standards of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and follows the accepted course for diversification (risk distribution).

Secondly, in the modern world of super competition and the offer of various credit services, Rosbank PJSC may lose its position due to the lengthy processing of the loan application (a large package of documents, a long time to check the borrower’s creditworthiness, etc.) (Fig. 5) .

Figure 5 - Problems of Rosbank PJSC in the process of lending operations

Let us consider in more detail possible ways to improve lending at PJSC Rosbank.

Dealing with problem loans should include elements of insurance that banks include in their lending programs; some loans inevitably become problematic. This usually means that the borrower has not made one or more payments on time or that the collateral value of the loan has decreased significantly. Despite the fact that each problem loan has its own characteristics, they all have some common features who tell the banker that there are certain difficulties:

Unusual or unexplained reasons for delays in submitting financial statements, making payments, or stopping contact with bank employees.

Any unexpected change in a borrower's methods for calculating depreciation, contributions to retirement plans, valuing inventory, calculating taxes, or calculating earnings.

Debt restructuring or refusal to pay dividends, change in the borrower’s credit rating.

Adverse changes in the price of the borrower's shares.

The presence of net losses for one or more years, measured using returns on assets, return on equity, or earnings before interest and taxes.

In the event of problems with a loan, the following basic steps can be proposed, which foreign experts describe in relation to the development of loan repayment plans - the process of reimbursing the bank's funds in the event of a problem situation:

Always keep in mind the purpose of developing such plans - to maximize the bank's chances of receiving a full refund of its funds.

It is critical to quickly identify and report any credit-related problems.

Separate responsibility for developing such plans from the lending function to avoid potential conflicts of interest with a particular loan officer.

Loan officers should discuss as soon as possible possible problems with a problem borrower, especially in relation to reducing costs, increasing cash flows and management improvements.

Naturally, the most acceptable option is always to renegotiate the terms of the loan agreement, which gives the bank and its client the opportunity to resume normal activities. Even if there are serious problems with the loan agreement, the bank may have such problems with the client.

Insurance and the attraction of sufficient security allow you to repay loans and compensate for losses in the bank on interest on the loan through insurance compensation from the insurance company or the implementation of collateral. However, in the context of a complex and complex procedure for implementing collateral, credit insurance in a reliable insurance company looks more preferable, since in this situation the insurance company, and not the bank, deals with the problems of collateral, its availability, security, saves the bank’s money and employee working hours credit departments and security services.

In order to reduce financial losses due to borrowers’ failure to fulfill their obligations, the bank is taking the following active steps:

Settlement of problem (overdue) debts through restructuring in cases where economic efficiency is determined by the financial feasibility and business plans for the development of the borrowers’ activities;

Working with problematic (overdue) credit debts at all stages of collection of overdue debts using developed and improved strategies, including with the involvement of external counterparties;

Collection of problem debts in court, including participation in bankruptcy procedures and financial recovery of borrowers.

Thanks to the implementation of the above measures, the bank can control the quality of the loan portfolio, predict and minimize the amount of created reserves and final losses for the Bank. The main directions for improving credit operations at Rosbank OJSC are presented in Figure 6.

Let's take a closer look at each direction.

1. Improving the quality of loan portfolios.

In order to build an effective system for managing the quality of the loan portfolio, it can be recommended that a credit organization implement a set of measures, in particular:

Formation of a loan portfolio in accordance with the chosen lending strategy, periodically adjusted to the market situation, as well as meeting the optimal indicators of credit risk, liquidity and profitability;

Conducting the selection of qualified personnel who will perform their functions under the guidance of experienced managers with a clear motivation for work;

Development of a clear mechanism for market research, sales management, personnel training, identification of potential clients and analysis of their lending prospects;

Carrying out constant monitoring of loan assets, taking into account the relative instability of the loan portfolio, first of all, with a view to identifying deteriorating loans and rejecting them (a loan causing concern must be identified before it becomes problematic in order to make a timely decision on maintaining or terminating the loan relationship);

Achieving sustainable profitability by regulating the concentration of loans and defining target lending indicators, such as, for example, the maximum level of the volume of problem loans from the total volume of current loans;

Regular analysis of the retrospective and current state of the loan portfolio to timely inform bank management about deviations from the lending strategy and generate objective management information.

When considering the problem of improving the quality of the loan portfolios of the analyzed bank, it is important to understand that the quality of lending activities largely depends on the quality of credit risk management.

2. Expansion of credit and financial transactions with all groups of clients.

The bank expands its activities by searching for the most profitable existing and future markets. banking products and services taking into account the real needs of clients. Based on this, one of the main goals of banking marketing is to attract new customers, both depositors and borrowers. To achieve this, the bank develops and offers new services and improves the quality of existing ones.

The marketing organization is based on the following principles: the determination of the bank’s structure and its employees to achieve certain marketing goals, the implementation of the bank’s marketing policy; comprehensive organization of marketing in the bank, including analysis, forecasting and planning, stimulation of the marketing service in its development; improving the skills of employees in the field of marketing, ensuring control over marketing decisions.

3. Improving the quality of service and reducing queues at Bank offices

The main thing in the area of improving the quality of service should be a thorough study of customer opinions coming through various communication channels, as well as improving the bank’s processes in accordance with customer expectations.

The bank must implement one system working with requests. Technological process provides for consideration of customer requests by specialized specialists. The reasons for requests are carefully analyzed, including in terms of the channels of their receipt. The findings are regularly brought to the attention of the bank’s management, and decisions are made to change technological processes.

An important step in organizing work with customer requests should be the creation of a Customer Care Service. Its tasks include identifying customer requests on the Internet, interacting with clients and analyzing the problems that led to the appearance of requests. Based on analytical data, the service identifies shortcomings in the bank’s business processes and formulates proposals for eliminating them, thereby improving the quality of customer service.

4. Improving the credit risk management system

The method of optimization analysis consists in the redistribution of funds on balance sheet accounts, which, subject to given restrictions, for example, establishing the required level of liquidity, ensures the maximization of the indicator under consideration, for example, determining the minimum required amount of funds that should be in the cash register.

Balance sheet optimization is characterized by a high level of analysis and is one of the main elements of financial management in a commercial bank. At the beginning of the analysis, the indicator to be optimized, the type of optimization are selected, restrictions are introduced, that is, acceptable values of control parameters are established, which must be linear functions or the quotient of dividing linear by linear. Next, the accounts are determined, at the expense of funds on which optimization is carried out and the range of their changes, after which a step-by-step calculation of the optimized indicator is carried out.

5. Modernization of the branch network

When choosing a regional network development strategy, the bank must proceed from the fact that this strategy is functional, and its specific goals and objectives are formulated in accordance with the corporate strategy, taking into account the bank’s resource capabilities, the quality of internal technologies, competitive position, priority areas activities, as well as the features of the functioning and effectiveness of the existing network. The bank must clearly define which goals will be key when developing a regional network: capturing a certain market share or increasing profitability, increasing the resource base or searching additional features placement of funds. Based on the target direction of network development, the bank must determine the type of regional network development strategy.

In efforts to reduce the time it takes to review applications at Rosbank PJSC, it is recommended to take measures to eliminate the causes of this problem:

A large package of lending documents.

In order to attract more clients, it is necessary to review and reduce the number of documents required to obtain a loan.

Errors of specialists (defects in documents).

This requires targeted work with staff.

These are the main steps to improve the management of credit operations of Rosbank PJSC. I would like to emphasize that the main idea in studying this issue in the work is a systematic approach, the need for which is obvious when it comes to such complex problems as credit issues.

As a result, we can say that Rosbank PJSC, like a modern commercial Bank“keeps up with the times”, pursuing a flexible credit policy that meets the latest requirements of the domestic credit market. However, the problems identified during the analysis (the risk of non-repayment or untimely repayment by borrowers of loans, lengthy processing of a loan application) make us think about the future of the bank’s credit policy, which is far from rosy.

Conclusion

Having studied the bank’s credit operations and their organization, we can conclude that in modern conditions the lending process is the backbone modern economy and are used by banks to generate income.

Credit transactions are carried out subject to the availability of available funds. The loaned value is sold on the terms of payment, repayment and urgency. The main features of a credit relationship are repayment, urgency and payment, that is, funds are provided for a certain period, must be returned, and for their use the borrower pays a certain amount to the lender.

A commercial bank is an organization whose main function is to mobilize available funds economic entities and their placement in the economy. The implementation of this function affects the formation and use of credit potential funds. Lending is the most profitable and riskiest active operation of a commercial bank. Therefore, if the bank's goal is to obtain maximum profit, then it must pay great attention to credit operations. To achieve this goal, the bank must manage the process of forming its resource base and use it effectively.

Currently, the issue of efficient use of the resources of commercial banks is an important task in banking practice.

Effective management of commercial bank resources is a rather complex topic in Russian banking theory. Now each bank organizes its work on resource management in its own way. This is due to the different market segments in which a particular bank operates, and the lack of a generally accepted methodology for resource management. Therefore, each market participant must develop this problem, taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning and position of the bank in the banking services market.

The purpose of the loan is to generate income. Without pursuing this goal, the debtor does not take, and the creditor does not provide a loan. The lender hopes to earn interest on the capital, taking into account the degree of risk. The borrower hopes that by using borrowed funds he will be able to generate income that will be sufficient to pay interest to the lender.

Through the process of short-term and long-term lending, the function of redistributing funds to financial system countries.

The main forms of security for loans and credit operations are: security with collateral, security with a guarantee and security with a bank guarantee. In Russian practice, the use of various forms of security has been widely developed.

Carrying out credit operations is directly related to risk. Particular attention is paid to credit risk, since in recent years the degree of influence of credit risk on the activities of credit operations, as well as on the activities of Russian banks in general, has clearly emerged. Therefore, to reduce risk, not only its nature, but also its management was considered.

Speaking about PJSC Rosbank, it should be noted that in its development the bank relies on extensive experience in working with enterprises and organizations various industries and forms of ownership.

The issue of resource management in modern conditions is particularly acute, since the main financial indicator of the bank's activities - profit - depends on how effectively the bank's resources are used. Both the volume and dynamics of profit growth depend on the correct use of resources.

An analysis of the management of credit operations of Rosbank PJSC revealed problems that the bank has to face in the process of credit operations.

These problems of credit operations provide the basis for the development of proposals for improving the management of credit operations at PJSC Rosbank.

In order to reduce financial losses due to borrowers’ failure to fulfill their obligations, the bank is taking the following active actions:

Settlement of problem (overdue) debt through restructuring in cases where economic efficiency is determined by the financial solvency and business plans for the development of the borrowers’ activities;

Working with problem (overdue) loan debt at all stages of collection of overdue debt using developed and improved strategies, including with the involvement of external counterparties;

Collection of problem (overdue) debts in judicial procedure, including participation in bankruptcy procedures and financial recovery borrowers.

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Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of credit operations of a commercial bank

1.2 Legal regulation of bank credit operations

1.3 Forms of credit and lending principles

Chapter 2. Analysis of credit operations of PJSC Rosbank

2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the bank’s activities

2.2 Analysis of the bank’s financial indicators

2.3 Analysis of credit operations of PJSC ROSBANK

2.4 Measures to improve the bank’s credit operations

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

A modern commercial bank is a universal credit organization that provides clients with a huge range of services. Currently, in the conditions of fierce competition between banks and non-bank credit institutions, a commercial bank is forced to expand the range of operations performed in order to obtain a profit sufficient for normal functioning. Modern banks are the main participants in the securities market, foreign exchange market, they offer clients different kinds trust and consulting services, provide insurance services through related Insurance companies, expand operations related to plastic cards, carry out real estate transactions through representatives, etc.

The relevance of the topic of the work is that the credit operation is one of the main banking operations. Credit as an economic category plays an important role in a market economy, being the main source of financing business entities with additional funds. In the process of conducting active lending operations in order to make a profit, banks face credit risk, that is, the risk of the borrower not paying the amount of principal and interest due to the lender. Each type of credit transaction has its own reasons and factors that determine the degree of credit risk.

Credit risk may arise if the borrower’s financial situation deteriorates, unforeseen complications arise in vehicle plans, or if the borrower is not insured. collateral, lack of necessary organizational skills or experience in the manager, etc. These and many other factors are taken into account by bank employees when assessing the creditworthiness of the enterprise and the collateral offered as collateral.

Therefore, the research topic is relevant.

The purpose of the final qualifying work is to analyze and take measures to improve the bank’s credit operations.

The specified goal of the final qualifying work necessitated the formulation and solution of the following tasks:

Outline the theoretical foundations of the bank’s credit operations;

Conduct an analysis of the credit operations of PJSC Rosbank;

Develop measures to improve credit operations at PJSC Rosbank.

The object of the study is PJSC Rosbank.

The subject of the study is the credit operations of PJSC Rosbank.

The information base for the study was the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as scientific works devoted to the problems of analyzing credit operations and their application in the practical activities of a commercial bank in modern economic conditions. The main experts on the topic under consideration include a significant number of domestic and foreign specialists in the field of organizing bank credit operations: M. D. Alekseenko, I. A. Blank, M. G. Dmitrienko, V. N. Kochetkov, L. Primostka. A., Kovbasyuk M.R., Baranovkiy A.I., Denisenko M.P. and others, Internet resources, statistical data of PJSC Rosbank for 2014-2016.

Empirical, abstract-logical, expert-analytical, analytical-calculation, and normative methods were used as research methods in the work.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of credit operations of a commercial bank

1.1 The concept of credit operations of a commercial bank

It is known that banks play a huge role in the economy of any state, including through credit operations. At the same time, loans are one of the most important types banking assets and generate most of the banks' income. To understand the nature of credit transactions, it is necessary to consider the nature of the loan itself.

Credit arose out of the need to develop commodity-money relations, and the need for it was caused by the uneven circulation of individual capitals. Credit acts as a form of resolving the contradiction between the accumulation of temporarily free monetary resources by some economic entities and the need for them in others.

How are credit transactions carried out? The bank, as an intermediary, accumulates temporarily free funds of the population and enterprises, forming borrowed capital, and provides it for temporary disposal to those legal entities and individuals who need to attract additional financial resources under certain conditions. As a result, credit relations are established between the bank and various entities - economic relations expressed in the redistribution of funds on repayment terms. When they arise, the latter are obliged upon arrival fixed deadlines return money by paying for its use as interest, dividends, commissions, etc.

The main goal of a commercial bank is to make a profit. Consequently, one of the main functions is the mobilization of temporarily free funds and lending to the economy. Lending is carried out at the expense of credit resources - bank resources, which, due to circumstances, were not used to carry out active operations, but can be transferred on conditions of security, urgency, repayment and payment to business entities. However, not all mobilized funds can be used by the bank to provide loans. The amount of funds available for active operations is credit potential- this is the amount of funds mobilized after deducting the liquidity reserve, taking into account risk.

In addition to the commercial bank, other organizations that are integrated into the credit system participate in the lending process. The credit system is a set of organizations or institutions that can participate in the lending process from the position of a lender (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 - Credit system

When carrying out credit operations, the bank bears a certain risk of non-repayment of the loan, which is called credit risk, and represents the risk that financial obligations will not be fulfilled by clients in full and at the time when it is expected or described in the Contract, which may lead to financial losses for jar.

Thus, credit risk is a risk that depends on the client, on his desire and ability to fulfill his obligation to the bank. The set of measures developed by the bank to reduce credit risk is called credit policy - a set of banking measures aimed at increasing the profitability of credit operations and reducing credit risk.

Activities of banks in conditions market economy subject to the influence of various external and internal factors. In the current recession in the Russian economy, the most important problems for commercial banks are assessing and analyzing the risks of providing loans to borrowers.

A loan portfolio in banking practice contains a set of loans from a particular bank or a set of bank loans assessed by risk level. Banks issue loans by segment: legal entities and individuals, financial institutions, large, medium and small enterprises, bona fide and dishonest clients,

Any credit institution is concerned not only with the quantitative indicators of lending, but also with the quality. The quality of a loan portfolio is understood as such a property of its structure, which has the ability to ensure the maximum level of profitability at an acceptable level of credit risk and balance sheet liquidity.

Credit risk is the risk that the borrower will not be able to fully and timely fulfill its financial obligations, which are stipulated in the agreement. Given the unstable economic situation in the country, banks are forced to take on increased risks, and in this regard, the problem of reducing banking risks has increased sharply. The total risk of a credit institution depends on the degree of credit risk of individual portfolio segments, as well as on the diversification of the structure of the loan portfolio and its individual segments.

One of the methods for reducing and preventing credit risks used in everyday banking practice is the formation of reserves for possible loan losses. If the bank pursues an effective policy in the field of reserve formation, this policy will not only help to increase the stability of the financial activity of the credit institution, but also to avoid fluctuations in profit margins associated with loan write-offs.

Guided by the provisions of the Bank of Russia, credit institutions use the distribution of loans into five quality categories to determine the valuation reserve:

1) standard;

2) non-standard;

3) doubtful;

4) problematic;

5) hopeless.

Each of these categories is characterized by a certain depreciation interval: 0.1-20%; 21-50%; 51-100%; 100%. It should be noted that this classification of categories of loans issued is entirely focused on a qualitative analysis of the financial condition of the borrower.

When determining the likelihood of loan impairment, banks evaluate the client based on such characteristics as the financial stability of the borrower, financial opportunities, ability to provide credit.

Loans provided to individuals for the purpose of calculating the reserve are formed for different groups of credit products into separate portfolios that have the same risk characteristics.

The bank analyzes each portfolio based on the duration of the loans in the overdue accounts. A fully amortized loan is considered a loan when the principal and interest payments thereon are more than 180 days past due.

Given the slowdown in economic growth in Russia over the past two years, it is advisable to systematically monitor lending transactions in the context of borrowers' clients in order to take timely action.

The creditworthiness of the borrower plays a key role in credit relations and is a concept characteristic of a market economy. In the conditions of a centralized system of distribution of financial resources, when commodity-money relations were limited and administrative methods of managing credit processes were a priority, it was absent, therefore it can be considered relatively new for the modern Russian economy. Creditworthiness is the borrower's ability to repay its debt obligations in full and on time.

Credit operations are the most important income-generating element in the activities of Russian banks. Thanks to this source, the main part net profit, allocated reserve funds, is formed and is going to pay dividends to the bank’s shareholders. At the same time, bank loans are the main source of replenishment working capital for enterprises in the real sector of the economy. Credit operations, which play an important role in the development of both banks and other organizations, determine the efficiency of the country’s economy as a whole.

Consequently, on a macroeconomic scale, the significance of credit operations lies in the fact that, with the help of their banks, temporarily free funds are converted into operating funds, stimulating the process of production, circulation and consumption. For banks, lending operations are the most important type of banking activity that generates income. However, in order to fully understand the essence of credit operations, we must not forget that the provision of a loan is always associated with credit risk, which is expressed in the non-repayment of the principal amount and interest for it by legal entities and individuals.

A complete understanding of the nature and essence of credit operations is impossible without taking into account the elements credit system generally.

Lending includes three main components - facilities, collateral and credit services. In any system, these three main elements retain their fundamental importance and determine the “face” of a credit operation and its effectiveness. The main elements of the credit system are inseparable from each other. Success in a bank's lending activities occurs only if each of them complements each other and increases the reliability of the loan transaction. On the other hand, an attempt to destroy their unity inevitably violates the entire system, undermines it, and can lead to a violation of the repayment of bank loans.

However, another element of the credit system inevitably appears, trust. This follows from the very concept of credit, which is from lat. "Creed" also means "to believe." In a loan, as you know, both parties are the lender and the borrower. Between them, based on regenerability, the cost of lending moves. This movement inevitably generates trust between the borrower, who believes that the bank will provide the loan on time in the required amount, and the lender, who believes that the borrower is using the loan correctly, will return the loan provided to him earlier on time and with interest on the loan. Credit as an economic relationship is always a risk, and without trust this is impossible. Therefore, we can say that trust, on the one hand, arises as a necessary element of credit relations, on the other, as a conscious position of the two parties, which has a certain economic basis.

Thus, the subject of lending from the point of view of classical banking are legal entities or individuals who are capable and have material or other guarantees for carrying out economic, including credit, operations.

Any property owner who inspires confidence in the bank, who has certain material and legal guarantees, who wants to pay interest on the loan and return it to the credit institution, can become a borrower. The subject of obtaining a loan can be at a completely different level, ranging from an individual, enterprise, firm to the state.

In a narrow sense, an object is an item for which a loan is issued and for which a credit transaction is concluded. The object of bank lending can be private or cumulative. It becomes private if the “under” loan issued is isolated, it is separated from other loans. For example, a bank can provide its client with separate needs related only to the accumulation of packaging, raw materials or finished products. The direct opposite of a specific object is a cumulative object, when a loan is issued to multiple objects that are not separated from each other, but are combined into one (common, cumulative) object.

However, the loan may not necessarily be issued to form a tangible item. In a broad sense, the object expresses not only the object in its material, tangible state, but also the material process as a whole, which requires a loan and for the sake of ensuring continuity and accelerating the completion of the loan transaction.

Thus, credit transactions are the relationship between the lender and the borrower (debtor) when providing the first and last certain amounts of money on the terms of payment, urgency, repayment.

Bank credit operations are divided into two large groups:

Active, when the bank acts as a lender, issuing loans;

Passive, when the bank acts as a borrower (debtor), attracts money from clients and other banks on the terms of payment, urgency, repayment.

There are two main forms of credit transactions: loans and deposits.

Accordingly, active and passive credit operations can be carried out both in the form of loans and in the form of deposits. Active credit operations consist, firstly, in relation to credit operations with clients and operations to provide interbank loans; Secondly, from deposits placed in other banks. Passive lending transactions also consist of deposits from third-party entities and individuals, including customers and other banks in that banking institution, and lending transactions to obtain interbank loans from the bank.

Almost any commercial bank in Russia carries out many active operations, including credit operations. However, the types of credit transactions are different and depend on many conditions. Let's consider the main types of credit operations carried out both in Russia and in other countries of the world, and note some of their features.

Ship operations are divided into groups in accordance with the following criteria(characteristics):

type of borrower;

provision method;

lending terms;

nature of circulation of funds;

purpose (loan funds);

the type of account to be opened;

procedure for issuing funds;

loan repayment method;

the procedure for calculating and repaying interest;

degree of risk;

type of documents to be issued, etc.

Therefore, the classification of loans issued by banks can be carried out for a number of reasons.

In the area of use (loan objects), loans in our country are divided into: targeted loans for payment material assets to support the production process, loans for trade and intermediary operations, loans for construction and purchase of housing, etc.

According to the subjects of the credit transaction (according to the form of the lender and the borrower), the following are distinguished:

A) depending on the type of lender:

bank loans. These loans are provided individual banks or banking consortia (banking associations).

loans from non-banks credit institutions. This type includes loans provided by pawn shops, office rentals, mutual aid funds, credit cooperatives, building societies, pension funds, etc.

personal or private loans, that is, loans provided by private individuals.

loans provided to borrowers by enterprises and organizations in the form of commercial loans, installment loans or, for example, provided to the population by trade organizations.

B) by type of borrower:

loans to legal entities, such as commercial organizations, non-profit, government organizations.

loans to individuals.

on an industry basis, loans are allocated by banks to industrial enterprises, Agriculture, trade, transport, communications, etc.

According to the terms of the loan, loans are divided into:

short-term (from one day to one year);

medium-term (period from one year to three to five years).

long-term (for a period of three to five years).

I would like to note that this division in many cases is conditional, especially during periods of economic instability.

Depending on the type of account that must be opened, one-time loans are provided from separate (simple) loan accounts or lending from special credit accounts, which account for the total debt of clients to the bank.

When securing loans, unsecured (blank) and secured (collateral, guarantees, sureties, insurance) are provided. The main reason why a bank requires collateral is the risk of losses in the event of unwillingness or inability to repay the loan on time and in full.

In accordance with the repayment schedule, there are loans that must be repaid at one time and loans with installments. Loans without installments have important feature: For such loans, repayment of loans and interest is carried out simultaneously.

Installment loans include:

loans with a single periodic loan repayment (monthly, quarterly, etc.);

loans with uneven periodic loan repayments (the loan repayment amount changes (increases or decreases) depending on certain factors, for example, as the final date of loan repayment or the conclusion of a loan agreement approaches).

loans with uneven, non-periodic repayment.

It is also possible to divide loans into loans with a grace period and without a grace period.

According to the interest collection method, loans are classified as follows:

loans with deduction of interest at the time of loan provision;

loans with interest payments during loan repayment;

loans with interest payments equal for the entire period of use (quarterly, once every six months or according to a specially agreed schedule).

There is also such a thing as a loan with annuity payment, that is, repayment of the principal debt while simultaneously paying interest for using the loan.

Based on the nature of circulation of funds, loans are divided into:

A) seasonal and off-season;

B) disposable and renewable (rotating, tipping).

The revolving credit group generally includes loans extended to customers through credit cards or loans in separate active liability accounts in the form of overdraft, contractual credit, etc.

An installment loan involves periodic repayment of the loan and interest. In most cases, the borrower obtains such a loan to purchase goods or cover other expenses and agrees to repay the loan in equal installments every month. Credit card loans and current account overdrafts can technically be converted into installment loans because they also make periodic (mostly monthly) payments. However, they have a number of features that make it possible to divide them into a separate group of loans.

Installment loans can take the form of direct or indirect bank credit. When providing a direct bank loan, a loan agreement is concluded between the bank and the loan borrower. An indirect bank loan presupposes the presence of an intermediary in the credit relationship between the bank and the client. This intermediary is most often a retail business. Credit agreement in this case, it is concluded between the client and the store, which subsequently receives a loan from the bank.

The above classification is conditional, since in banking practice it is sometimes impossible to distinguish one or another type of loan in its pure form in accordance with a certain classification criterion. At the same time, the presented classification reflects the variety of loans, but does not exhaust all possible classification criteria, so it can be continued depending on other characteristics.

1.2 Legal regulation of bank credit operations

Banking is a system of current operations and operations aimed at making a profit. Current Russian banking legislation does not define banking activities or transactions, although it uses specified terms.

The development of credit operations of commercial banks must be carried out in strict compliance with existing legislative acts regulating the relevant aspects of banking activities, which directly or indirectly affect the ability of banks to invest in certain types of credit operations.

Current legal basis the existence of the banking system is the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Constitutional norms determine the bodies authorized to perform the functions of managing the credit and banking system, the procedure for their formation and the principles for performing the tasks assigned to them. The Constitution of the Russian Federation reflects the status, objectives, main functions and principles of the organization and activities of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as a public legal organization, its organizational structure, as well as basic rights and responsibilities,

According to Art. 819 Civil Code of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the loan agreement, a bank or other credit institution undertakes to provide funds to the borrower in the amount and on the terms provided for by the agreement, and the borrower undertakes to return the money received and pay interest on it. Therefore, obtaining a loan is initially defined in civil law as receiving a certain amount of money.

However, further we can see that credit relations can be expressed not only in the transfer of a sum of money for temporary use and its subsequent return with interest, but also in the transfer of a certain product, other things transferred as if for credit (commodity credit). There are also legal relations factoring, leasing, which in their content also help small entrepreneurs obtain certain resources for their development.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation determines the legal provisions of entities participating in civil circulation and carrying out their activities in the credit sector, the procedure for maintaining state registration(Article 51) and termination of their activities (Article 54). It also provides general rules on the status of individuals (Chapter 4), rules for concluding transactions (Chapter 9), general rules of contracts and obligations (Subsection 2). Details are considered to be such contracts that are used in banking activities as an agreement bank deposit(Chapter 44), bank account agreement (Chapter 45).

Enforcement of obligations is discussed in Chap. 23, which, in particular, states that the main forms of security can be a fine, a pledge, a lien, a surety, a bank guarantee, and a deposit. Chapter 25 and ch. 26 regulates liability for breach of obligations and termination of obligations. Chapter 46 is devoted to payment issues - cash and non-cash. Chapter 54 provides a description of trust management of property and discusses issues of financial leasing.

Legal status, goals, functions and powers of a single and independent subject of the first level of the banking system of the Russian Federation - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation by the Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)”.

In accordance with Art. 56 of the Law, the Bank of Russia is a banking regulation and banking supervision body that exercises constant supervision over compliance by credit institutions and banking groups banking legislation, regulations Bank of Russia and the mandatory standards established by them.

With regard to credit relations, the Bank of Russia may establish mandatory standards for the functioning of credit institutions, in particular, regarding the risks of a credit institution for loans provided, as well as impose other requirements on the activities of credit institutions.

One of the main laws regulating credit relations is the Law of the Russian Federation “On Banks and Banking Activities”.

First of all, in Art. 5 of this Law defines banking operations, including the placement of funds on one’s own behalf and at one’s own expense, which is expressed in the provision of loans to legal entities and individuals. In addition, the Law defines the provisions and requirements for the implementation of activities by credit institutions, types, procedures for conducting banking operations and operations and protecting the interests of clients of credit institutions.

Article 29 of the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” regulates interest rates on loans. In particular, the bank does not have the right to unilaterally change interest rates on loans and the procedure for determining them. In accordance with the loan agreement concluded with a citizen borrower, a credit institution cannot unilaterally shorten the term of this agreement, increase the amount of interest and change the procedure for determining it, increase or establish a commission on transactions, except in cases provided for by Federal Law.

Federal Law of December 30, 2004 No. 218-FZ (as amended on December 3, 2011) “On Credit Histories” defines the concept and composition of credit history, the grounds, procedure for the formation, storage and use of credit histories. Related activities of credit history bureaus are regulated , features of the creation, liquidation and reorganization of credit history bureaus, as well as the principles of their interaction with sources of credit history, borrowers, government bodies, local governments and Bank of Russia.

Other federal laws also regulate relations arising in the course of the activities of a credit institution and a borrower, but these laws relate to the regulation of relations in consumer lending only indirectly and, rather, are reference (declarative): Federal laws"About mortgages" currency regulation And exchange control"and other federal laws.

Among the regulatory legal acts of the Bank of Russia regulating credit relations include:

Resolution of the Bank of Russia No. 2459-U dated June 3, 2010 No. 2459-U “On the specifics of assessing credit risk for individual issued credits, loans and equivalent debts” establishes the procedure for credit institutions to form reserves for possible losses on loans, on loans and equivalent debt, to which include monetary claims and claims arising from transactions with financial instruments, as well as the features of the Bank of Russia’s supervision of credit institutions’ compliance with the procedure for forming reserves for loan repayment.

Bank of Russia Instruction No. 139-I dated December 3, 2012 (as amended on February 13, 2017) “On Mandatory Banking Standards” establishes the numerical values and methodology for calculating such mandatory bank standards as the maximum risk for each borrower or group of related borrowers, maximum size main credit risks, the maximum amount of loans, bank guarantees and guarantees provided by the bank to its participants (shareholders).

Among the bank's internal documents, the bank's credit policy is important.

The credit policy of a commercial bank is a set of factors, documents and actions that determine the development of a commercial bank in the field of lending to its clients. The credit policy determines the goals and priorities of the bank’s credit activities, the means and methods of their implementation, as well as the principles and procedure for organizing the credit process.

It should be noted that due to large quantity and inconsistency in the legal regulation of credit operations, the process of real lending in each specific bank is regulated mainly by local legal acts.

These include, first of all, the lending rules of this bank, regulations on the credit committee, job descriptions of certain categories of commercial bank employees who make decisions on granting a loan. The legal significance of these acts lies in the fact that before signing the contract they represent recommendations for the borrower, after which they are voluntary obligations. Therefore, before receiving a loan, it is advisable for all potential borrowers to carefully study the lending rules in order to understand the totality of rights and obligations and even more about the measures of responsibility and control exercised by this bank.

In order to assess the current state of legal regulation of lending operations, determine the possibilities and methods of its use, and also formulate recommendations for its improvement, it is first necessary to determine economic needs and the aggregate interests of the Entities involved in lending.

First of all, there are two entities involved in bank lending: the bank and the borrower. For a bank, lending is a type of professional entrepreneurial activity, one of the main sources of profit.

In this capacity, bank lending is considered as distinguishing feature bank and requires licensing by the Bank of Russia. The same lending is a permanent activity, that is, a set of coordinated and, as a rule, standardly implemented actions, united by one goal - profit.

Naturally, it is best for the bank to provide the most expensive and most often short term loan. Especially now, when the instability of the economy and the high degree of risk in credit operations increasingly predetermine the orientation of banks primarily towards short-term lending (up to 1 year) and even short-term lending (several days or weeks).

For the borrower, who may be persons and their structural divisions, citizens, a loan is often a way to solve their financial problems, a way to ensure production activities, and urgent needs. In this regard, the borrower is, in principle, ready to undertake additional expenses in the form of interest for using the loan, but, of course, this interest and the term of the loan must be feasible, which allows for the development of production, the construction of residential and non-residential premises, the development and development of new technologies, etc. The borrower is interested in a cheap and long-term loan.

In addition to these two apparent entities with opposing interests, at first glance, in bank lending, unlike other types of lending, the interests of two other entities are affected. The first organization is a participant in securing the fulfillment of loan obligations if the borrower is not one.

We are talking about a guarantor, a guarantor, an insurer, a third party - a pledgor. This person is primarily interested in what credit obligations have been fulfilled, and in case of non-compliance loan agreement he acquires independent rights in connection with the exercise of responsibility. The second subject is the owner of the rights.

The fact is that bank lending, unlike other types, is carried out not so much at the expense of the bank’s funds, but at the expense of the so-called borrowed funds. Their legal regime is not sufficiently developed, but in any case it can be argued that in relation to these funds there are additional obligations to the bank and the right of its depositors who transferred money to it in the form of deposits or accounts.

In addition to depositors, money for lending under certain conditions, which are encumbrances on the loan, can be provided by the state in the form of targeted soft loans.

Therefore, it is necessary to talk about the interests of bank depositors who provided their funds for the bank’s business and, therefore, need legal protection. These entities are interested in obtaining the highest possible interest rate on their deposits and, therefore, in providing expensive loans, but they are exposed to the risk of adverse consequences of banks' lending policies.

Depositors and banks have their own risks (for the depositor - the risk of the owner, for the bank - the entrepreneur), and these risks must be in a balanced state. In other words, the bank does not have the right to decide all its financial difficulties only at the expense of its investors.

Regarding the state or society as a whole, which has allocated a certain amount of money to ensure socially significant activities or the rights of certain social groups, we need to talk about attracting these funds to specific borrowers.

The specific holders of rights and interests in directed lending should be those government agencies that are required to sell the loan.

One more needs to be named complex issue, which has its interests in lending or the implementation of credit policies by banks, but does not have a clearly defined legal status, but nevertheless has a significant influence on banking practice. We are talking about such an unconventional subject as the banking system of the Russian Federation as a whole.

In general, it can be argued that banking practice has developed its own customs and rules for the provision and repayment of loans, which, despite its far from complete compliance with the law and regulations, sometimes have a decisive influence on legal regulation, since they recorded the economically and, in principle, legitimate interests of credit organizations. This legal status to some extent reflects the interests of lending participants and records legal nature credit operations.

In conclusion of the review of the regulatory framework for bank lending, it should be noted that with the adoption of the new Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the role of the contract has increased significantly and began to propose and regulate legal relations between the parties. The ability of the parties to formulate, one way or another, some provisions of the agreement has expanded significantly. This means that in many cases, property interests and the welfare of the organization depend on the correct wording of the contract, determined by practice.

1.3 Forms of credit principles

The form of a loan characterizes the external manifestation and organization of credit relations and is determined by a number of characteristics: the object of the credit transaction, the composition of participants, the intended purpose,

Changes in production, commodity-money relations lead to changes existing forms lending and creating new ones.

The commodity form of credit historically preceded the monetary form. In its purest form, this means providing and returning value in the form commodity values. The predominant form is the monetary form, when the provision of a loan, its repayment and payment of interest is made in the form of money (bank loan, mortgage, etc.).

There are many purposes for obtaining and lending objects, but they can be grouped into the form of productive and consumer forms of credit. The production form of credit implies its use for the purpose of production and circulation for production purposes. The consumer form is used for the consumer needs of the population.

In a developed market economy they use various shapes loan (Table 1)

Table 1

Basic forms of credit

Loan forms	Loan object
Commercial	Commodity capital	A loan provided in commodity form by sellers of goods to their buyers in the form of deferred or installment payment for goods sold or services provided. This form of loan helps speed up the implementation
Bank	Money capital	Credit provided in the form of cash loans by commercial banks and other lending institutions to legal entities and individuals, as well as to the state and foreign clients
Consumer	Durable goods	Loan provided by trading companies, banks and specialized credit institutions to the population for the purchase of durable goods with installment payment
Mortgage	Long-term loans secured by real estate	A loan issued for the purchase or construction of housing or the purchase of land. The interest on the loan ranges from 15 to 30%
Interbank	Money capital	A loan provided by banks to each other when some banks have a shortage and others have an excess of credit resources
State	Loan to finance the budget deficit, etc.	A loan in which the borrower is the state or local authorities, and the loan itself takes on the form of a government loan
International	Loan for the implementation of international banking programs, etc.	Credit covering economic relations between the state and international economic organizations. Exists in the form of both commercial and bank loans

In the context of the development of a market economy, a special place is occupied by such forms of lending as leasing, factoring, forfaiting, and trust.

Leasing is a non-cash form of loan, that is, a form of rent with the transfer of machinery, equipment and other tangible assets for use with subsequent payment of their cost.

Leasing - rental of technical equipment and industrial facilities for a period of 6 months to 15 years. It is carried out on the basis of an agreement between the leasing company (lessor), which acquires property at its own expense and rents it, and the tenant (lessee), who gradually pays rent for the use of leased property.

Factoring is a finance commission transaction in which a customer assigns receivables to a factoring company or the factoring department of a bank.

This operation is performed for:

1) immediate receipt of the majority of the payment;

2) guarantees of full repayment of debt;

3) reducing the cost of maintaining accounts. Typically, the client is a supplier, inferior to the factoring company, and has the right to receive payment for goods delivered or services provided.

The factoring company immediately pays the client 70 to 90% of the claim in the form of a loan, and the balance (minus interest on the loan and factoring service fee) is provided after the entire debt is recovered. Factoring initially arose as an operation of resellers, and then acquired the form of lending.

Forfaiting is, in essence, long-term factoring associated with the sale of debts to a bank, the collection of which will be received in 1-5 years.

Forfaiting is a special form of lending for trade transactions. The main condition of forfeit is that all risks on debt obligations are transferred to forfeit without the right to reverse the seller’s obligations.

Trust is the management of clients' capital. In foreign practice, trust is understood as the activity of banks or financial institutions to manage property and perform other services on behalf of and on behalf of the client as a trustee.

Based on an agreement concluded between the interested parties (or at will), the authorized person acquires the corresponding rights and acts as an administrator of the property, including the balances in bank accounts.

It should be noted that bank lending to legal entities and individuals is carried out in strict compliance with the principles of lending, which form the basis of the credit system.

The provision of loans by banks implies the unification of the rules and principles for the implementation of this type of activity and, therefore, its construction in accordance with some generally accepted principles, ensuring, on the one hand, the protection of the interests of all participants in lending, and on the other, the comparability of the effectiveness of lending carried out various banks. The general principles of bank credit should serve as a function of unification and comparability, which may consider the general principles or rules for the implementation of credit activities, developed by practice and enshrined in legal requirements, compliance with which is the most important precondition for efficient work banks and borrowers.

The following basic principles of lending are distinguished: urgency, repayment, payment, differentiation, loan security (Table 2).

table 2

Lending principles


Urgency	Indicates a necessary condition for repayment of the loan. The loan must be repaid within a strictly defined period
Repayment	Means that after the end of the loan period, the loan issued is subject to mandatory repayment
Payment	The borrower must pay the bank a certain fee for the temporary use of funds. In practice, this principle is implemented using the bank interest mechanism.
Differentiation	Banks should not have the same approach to resolving the issue of issuing loans to various business entities
Security	It means that the borrower’s property, valuables and guarantees allow the lender to be confident in the return of the funds issued. To ensure timely repayment of the loan, creditors under the agreement assign a pledge, surety or bank guarantee

The relevance of lending is a necessary form of ensuring loan repayment. The principle of urgency means that the loan must be repaid within a strictly defined period. And, therefore, urgency is a temporary guarantee of loan repayment. The loan term is the period for borrowed money in the borrower's household, in case of violation of this condition, the lender has sufficient grounds to apply economic sanctions to the borrower in the form of an increase in interest and a subsequent postponement of the presentation of financial claims in court. A partial exception to this rule are so-called call loans. (Loan loans are loans that must be repaid within a fixed period after receiving official notification from the lender.) Currently, they are practically not used not only in Russia, but also in most other countries, since they require relatively stable market conditions loan capital and in the economy as a whole). Repetition is a feature that distinguishes credit as an economic category from others economic categories commodity-money relations. Without repayment of the loan, the loan cannot exist, therefore repayment is an integral part of the loan, its attribute.

The repayment and urgency of lending is explained by the fact that banks are mobilizing temporary available funds enterprises, institutions and the population for lending. These funds do not belong to the banks, and ultimately they come to the bank from the different market segments they go to (consumer, commercial loans, etc.). main feature of such funds is that they are subject to return to the owners who invested them in the bank on the terms of time deposits. Mostly basic banking rule states: “The size and timing of the bank’s financial requirements must correspond to the size and timing of the obligations.”

Payment of bank loans is the payment by recipients of a certain temporary use fee for their cash. The implementation of this principle in practice is carried out through the mechanism of banking interests. The bank interest rate is a kind of “price” loan. Loan repayment is intended to have a stimulating effect on the commercial calculations of enterprises, encouraging them to increase their own resources and save costs on borrowed funds. The bank pays the bank to cover its expenses related to the payment of interest on deposits of foreign funds, the cost of maintaining its equipment, the cost of inflation, and also makes a profit to increase lending resource funds (reserve, statutory) and use them for its own and other needs.

Credit differentiation means that commercial banks should not have a clear approach to the issue of providing credit to their clients applying for a loan. Credit should be provided only to those entities that are able to repay it in a timely manner. Therefore, differentiation of lending should be carried out on the basis of lending indicators, which are understood as the financial condition of the enterprise, which gives confidence in the ability and willingness of the borrower to repay the loan within the contract period. These qualities of potential borrowers are assessed by analyzing their liquidity balance, ensuring the economy own sources, level of profitability at the current moment and in the future.

The degree of creditworthiness (or creditworthiness) of a customer is an indicator of the individual or private credit risk for the bank associated with a particular customer of the specific loan granted to the customer.

Credit security covers one of the main credit risks - the risk of loan non-repayment. If this principle were not taken into account, then banking would become a speculative occupation, where the high risk of transactions would lead to a sharp increase in interest rates.

It should be noted that the solution to the problem of securing a loan depends on the type of lending and the subject of the loan. If speak about large company, which has been operating successfully for decades, having a good and long credit history, occupying a leading position in the market, headed by well-known professionals, then resolving the issue of providing loans requires one approach.

If we consider a loan for a small business, we just register and start our entrepreneurial activity from scratch - then without resolving the issue of collateral it is impossible to obtain a loan.

Chapter 2. Analysis of credit operations of PJSC Rosbank

2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the bank

Open Joint Stock Company "Rosbank" is a diversified private financial institution, one of the leaders of the Russian banking system. PJSC Rosbank is consistently implementing the strategy of creating a universal financial institution national scale and serves all categories of clients.

The main activities of Rosbank PJSC are retail, corporate, investment banking and work with wealthy private clients. At the moment, Rosbank PJSC has the largest private regional network in the country: more than 700 network branches in 70 regions of the Russian Federation.

The most important thing for the bank is the development retail business. PJSC Rosbank actively works with the population, offering various options deposits and various loan products. The bank occupies a leading position in the consumer and mortgage lending market. More than 3 million people are private clients of Rosbank PJSC.

A significant share of credit resources was placed among trading enterprises(16.3%), construction (13.9%), electricity (12.2%). Rosbank actively cooperates with enterprises and organizations of the real sector of the economy of the military-industrial complex (7.8%), ferrous metallurgy (4.0%). Among other industries to which the Bank provides credit resources, it is also necessary to note leasing companies (8.0%) and financial organizations (3,2%).

The bank is one of the leaders in the market of financial services for small and medium-sized businesses, serving about 45 thousand clients. The bank offers comprehensive services for small and medium-sized enterprises, including specially designed loan products. Fruitful cooperation with domestic and foreign financial and credit institutions ensures a high level of trust in Rosbank OJSC, which allows us to make client payments on favorable terms and effectively attract resources for clients.

PJSC Rosbank is one of the leaders in the market of financial services for small and medium-sized businesses. The Bank offers comprehensive services for small and medium-sized enterprises, including specially designed loan products (Table 3).

Table 3

Main activities of PJSC Rosbank

Analysis of credit operations of PJSC "Rosbank". Thesis: Methods of risk management of credit products provided to legal entities using the example of Rosbank OJSC Analysis of the effectiveness of credit risk management in Rosbank JSCB

Prospects for improving the forms of ensuring loan repayment in PJSC Rosbank

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