New life.
Frivolity and attempts to downplay the threatening dangers are unacceptable here. The role of science in developing the concept of economic security is very large and responsible. Moreover, we are not just talking about verbal exercises and not about the search for beautiful formulas, various types of classifications of dangers - external and internal, long-term and current. It is fundamentally important to reveal the very essence of the problem, to identify real threats, offer reliable and effective methods for reflecting them.
As world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the country’s independence, conditions for stability and efficiency of society, and achievement of success. Therefore, ensuring economic security is one of the most important national priorities.
The central direction of world development in the 21st century is globalization. The three main vectors under the influence of which the development of the world took place are geopolitics, geoeconomics and geostrategy. Until the second half of the 20th century, geopolitics came first. Geopolitics influenced the change in the geographical boundaries of states; to achieve their goals, states used military methods of influence, seizing the territories they needed by force. The main players in geopolitics are various states, military blocs of allied states, pursuing similar goals. Some are still trying to solve their problems with the help military force(Iraq's invasion of Kuwait), but geo-economics comes to the fore, providing an opportunity for global restructuring, devoid of open confrontation, using geo-economic (non-military) methods. This is caused, first of all, by the increased role of transnational corporations. Today they, and not individual states, are fighting for world resources.
Internationalization is fundamentally changing the nature international division labor. Today, exchange processes take place not only between states, but also, first of all, between transnational structures, world reproduction centers (or cores), and large technological metropolises. The links of these centers become economic structures and management systems relevant to different national economies.
The “joints” of interaction between centers are nothing more than economic boundaries, which may not coincide with national ones. By their configuration, the world's production centers are mobile, the corresponding economic boundaries are of a changing nature, and it is along these boundaries that the world is continuously redivided.
Within the framework of global international structures, world income is formed and redistributed. The realization of economic interests occurs not only on the world market, but also on the so-called economic atlas of the world, including the national geo-economic atlas.
Operating on a geo-economic atlas does not require wait-and-see (or opportunistic) trading tactics, but an offensive, active position and appropriate mechanisms for realizing one’s interests. Accordingly, the vector strategy specifies the strategic model foreign economic relations, purposefully influencing the formation of the geo-economic situation.
The national economy is capable of reproduction geo-economically efficiently with the transformation of its foreign economic sector from a trade and intermediary to a production and investment model of foreign economic relations. To do this, the state needs to clearly define its strategic interests, and, depending on them, build relationships with large transnational structures.
If the state adopts the geo-economic vector of development, then new (non-military) types of influence on competitors appear, such as economic, environmental, demographic, etc.
Russian President Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, in his annual address to the nation, directly said that Russia has two possible paths of development - either Russia will be a strong state, or this state will disappear from the world atlas, according to at least, in the form in which it exists today. Many foreigners need Russia as a raw material appendage to their economy, living off the sale of its resources. This is a disastrous path for Russia. In order to survive, the state needs to build its economic policy taking into account the requirements technological development world community in the 21st century, it is necessary to find our growth points in the form of new technologies, in which we must not catch up, but get ahead of foreign competitors.
The concept of a country’s economic security includes not only maintaining the socio-political and military stability of the state at a sufficient level, but also, first of all, the development of the economy with its inclusion in the globalization processes taking place today in the world community. This paper discusses some issues of the country’s economic security, as well as the author’s opinion on the direction of development Russian economy in order to repel threats to Russia's economic security.
1. ESSENCE AND CRITERIA OF ECONOMIC SECURITY.
The term “economic security” first appeared in the 70s. It quickly became widespread in developed capitalist countries. It was then that, defending a realistic assessment of the current international situation, representatives of primarily Western European countries advocated the use of economic methods ensuring national security. One of the main tasks of economic security is to maintain and strengthen the country’s position in the world economic system.
Currently, economic security is a nationwide set of measures aimed at sustainable continuous development and improvement of the country's economy, which necessarily presupposes socio-political stability and independence of the state, as well as a mechanism to counter external and internal threats.
Problems of implementing the State Economic Security Strategy Russian Federation, ensuring the protection of national interests in the most important spheres of the economy are becoming increasingly important and attracting the close attention of politicians, scientists, and the broadest segments of the population. The relevance of these problems is caused by the scale of the threats and the real damage caused to the country's economic security as a result of an unprecedented economic crisis, which in its depth and duration far exceeded the Great Depression in the USA of 1929-1933.
Since countries with developed market economies (primarily the United States) have accumulated quite a lot of positive experience in the field of ensuring national economic security, it is undoubtedly of interest at the present time.
After the end of the Cold War, ensuring economic security became priority direction in US politics.
Secretary of State W. Christopher has repeatedly stated this officially. Thus, in February 1993, he emphasized that US foreign policy should be based on “three pillars”: strengthening the country’s economic security, maintaining democracy and respecting human rights. Key points in ensuring economic security are, according to the secretary, increasing the competitiveness of American goods in the domestic and foreign markets, reducing the country's dependence on foreign loans and strengthening its ability to fulfill international obligations in trade, economic and other areas.
The concept of national security is broader than the concept of economic security of the country; it includes defense, environmental, energy security, etc.
A number of general conditions and factors put forward the concept of economic security among a number of concepts that form a systematic view of the modern life of society and the state:
Differences in national interests, the desire for a more complete separation of them from common interests, despite the development of integration processes, require the development of an appropriate strategy.
The limited nature of natural resources and the varying degrees of provision of individual countries with them contain the potential for intensifying the economic and political struggle for the use of these resources.
The importance of the competition factor in the production and sale of goods is increasing, especially in the field of financial and banking services. The ability to create conditions for the development of the financial and banking sector and to debug its smooth operation is put on par with the ability to create new industrial and agricultural technologies.
That is why the increasing competitiveness of some countries is considered by others as a matter of real danger, a threat to their national interests.
Economic security itself has a complex internal structure, in which three of its most important elements can be distinguished:
Economic independence. Economic independence is not absolute because the international division of labor makes national economies interdependent on each other. Under these conditions, economic independence means the ability to control national resources. It is necessary to reach a level of production, efficiency and quality of products that ensures its competitiveness and allows it to participate on equal terms in world trade, cooperation ties and the exchange of scientific and technical achievements.
Course work
On the topic of: Problems of economic security of Russia
Introduction
1. Current state of development of economic security problems
1.1 Key trends in economic security issues
1.2. Factor of globalization of national and economic security
2. Applied aspects of economic security
2.1 Methodology for identifying key problems of economic security: historical aspect
2.2. Globalization as a threat to the economic sovereignty of the state
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The study of problems of economic security in Russia, rightfully, has now taken a leading place in the work of Russian scientific research and think tanks. A significant number of original articles, monographs, and collective studies are devoted to this topic. In essence, the current socio-economic situation in Russia is such that, no matter what research Russian economists undertake in a particular area, they cannot fail to touch upon the problems of the country’s economic security.
Economic security has different structural levels. We are talking about the economic security of the state, society, enterprise, and individual. All these levels form a complex economic system that does not float in airless space, but has a solid foundation - economic space.
Economic space is the basis of modern economic system while enjoying relative independence. Economic role space, its heterogeneity, fragmentation, and in previous times were taken into account when analyzing the conditions for the formation of differential land rent, which was expressed in specific cost values.
Target course work– Determining the place and role of economic security in the development system modern system management.
We must not forget that space paired with time are fundamental philosophical categories, the nature of which has not yet been thoroughly studied.
1. Current state of development of economic security problems
1.1 Key trends in economic security issues
The increased attention to the problem of Russia’s economic security is based on objective processes and phenomena occurring in the national economy and in Russian society, as well as in global economy and in international economic relations. It seems appropriate to include the following among the most important such processes and phenomena.
Firstly, the economic experiment of the 90s in Russia had as its main goal the redistribution of ownership and control over national natural resources and the material base of social production. In general, it is quite clear that in order to quickly achieve this goal during privatization, the only thing effective means destruction was chosen state system management, since it was the state that was the main holder of ownership of the conditions and means of production.
All this led to the fact that economic reforms were predominantly destructive rather than creative in nature. Russia has set a unique record for duration and depth economic downturn in peacetime. By the beginning of the new century, Russia’s socio-economic problems had become so acute that changes in internal and external economic policy became not a matter of debate among economists and political scientists, but a matter of preserving the Russian state in the economic and political map peace. As is known, the leadership of China, for example, chose as reform priorities the goals of achieving economic growth through the primary development of the production of durable goods. Naturally, this was accompanied by a structural redistribution of property to the extent that it met the main goals of development without destruction national system management.
National interests and issues of economic security of the state have been and remain decisive in the complex of reforms carried out in China. As a result, China demonstrated record rates of economic growth and became one of the driving forces and stabilizing factor of the world economy. All countries of the world, almost without exception, were literally “inundated” with Chinese goods, and the Chinese diaspora abroad took strong positions in the local business circles of not only developing, but also industrialized countries. Unlike many, it was this country that resisted the events that unfolded in 1997-1998. global financial crisis.
Secondly, as a result of the change in the leadership of Russia at the turn of the century, the problem of the economic security of the state from a declarative and opportunistic one began to gradually turn into a question of the practical economic policy of the state. This provided the impetus for new research and the development of practical approaches to ensuring national security in various fields, including the safety of financial and economic activities.
Thirdly, the process of the beginning of relative financial and economic stabilization in Russia, currently observed, appears to reflect the completion of a certain transitional stage of deregulation of the national economy. To a certain extent, the main division of state property has already occurred, and entrepreneurship is becoming more interested in maintaining the current situation, in stabilizing and consolidating what has been achieved. New radical changes and social disasters no longer meet the interests of business, because they can disrupt the normal production process, worsen the sales of products and services, and, most importantly, they can threaten a new radical redistribution of property.
In the current situation, Russian entrepreneurs are increasingly becoming interested in consolidating their position in a regulated market, while improving legislative framework entrepreneurship, protection of personality, property rights, in other words, in the implementation by the state of its fundamental tasks of ensuring the economic security of financial and economic activities.
Fourthly, there was obvious disappointment with the results of the reforms among economists and political scientists from among the “reformers” who stood at the origins of the beginning of economic transformations. Thus, not only the majority of the population, which remained “overboard” from market reforms, but also a significant part of the Russian scientific elite began to critically evaluate the results of the economic experiment carried out in the country. The demand for economic and political “radical liberalism” was extremely high at the stage of destruction of the existing system government controlled and implementation of privatization. However, as with other social upheavals in history, the ideologists of radical reforms turned out to be superfluous after the redistribution of national wealth was completed. Under these conditions, critical understanding of the reforms being carried out intensified in Russian economic literature, and increasing attention began to be paid to the role of the state in the economy and the problems of ensuring national economic security.
Fifthly, the globalization of the world economy and international production relations calls into question the preservation of the national-state form of organization of economic systems. Russian entrepreneurship, having received direct access to world markets, in many cases faces not just individual competitive companies, but state-monopoly structures, which they are unable to resist alone.
The fact that in the process of globalization the problem of national interests and economic security of the state is becoming more acute is evidenced by such trends as the implementation of state support for national businesses in world markets in overt and hidden forms; expansion and increase in the number of zones of national interests of the leading countries of the world, primarily the USA; active research into problems of ensuring the security of national interests by foreign political scientists and economists.
One could continue listing the objective processes underlying the intensified Lately attention to the problem of economic security of Russia. However, both the trends listed above and the research conducted by Russian scientists and specialists indicate that the problem itself is not far-fetched, but quite concrete.
1.2. Factor of globalization of national and economic security
In the extensive literature on the entire range of issues of state, national and economic security, the factor of globalization has not yet received proper coverage, which is interpreted mainly as the next stage in the linear development of the international division of labor. And in modern economic literature there are discussions about comparative costs and comparative advantages various options division of labor between countries. It is assumed that it continues to be deployed on the basis of the principle of mutual benefit and interdependence and not so long ago the last word in the theory of international relations was the concept of the interdependence of nations and states in the world economic system.
However, the experience of the global, or, as it was designated in the literature, the “Asian” crisis of 1997-1998, although this is not a regional, but a systemic crisis, indicates that the flight of capital organized by large financial speculators, which bankrupted dynamically developing countries Asian region, changed the configuration of the world economy, bringing to the surface the destructive role of global financial capital.
There are many examples, but only one can be cited - the more than sad fate of Indonesia, which had a backlog of industries high technology for the 21st century and could really take its rightful place among developed countries. One-time capital withdrawal in the form of portfolio investments ruined the country, caused severe social conflicts and even division of the territory.
Using such examples, one can assess the full degree of risk for national economies that is associated with the globalization factor. With this in mind, the country must be prepared to take proactive action to ensure its economic security.
In this case, it is necessary to correctly determine the vector of such actions. Some experts consider the likely decline in world prices for exported raw materials, as the main source, to be a particularly destabilizing factor. foreign exchange earnings to country . However, economic threats to a much greater extent for our country, as for many others, currently come from the instability of currency and financial markets. This is no longer interdependence, but dependence within the world economic system, due to its structural imbalance.
The globalization factor has disrupted the relative balance of the world economic system and the interdependence of its structural elements and components.
The qualitative difference between the global system and the previous traditional model of international economic relations, is its structural asymmetry not only due to the hypertrophy of its financial segment, but also its separation from the system due to the exceptional mobility of portfolio investments.
In this regard, experts point to the threat to the economic security of the country from suddenly breaking out financial epidemics: “Thus, we are talking about the formation of qualitatively new processes that make the situation less and less controllable by a traditional set of levers. This trend is also enhanced by the behavior of market operators, the actions of which can be provoked by the steps of some large participants (the so-called herd behavior). Hence the threat of the spread of financial epidemics, often based on subjective market sentiments. It is these circumstances that force many economists and practitioners (P. Krugman, J. Bhagwati, J. Soros, etc.) to talk about the need to limit the mobility of capital and reduce the destabilizing potential of “hot” short-term money.”
Following the old scheme, we can assume that capital mobility is investment potential For material production that the competitive mechanism of free flow of capital is the basis for the modernization of production. And so it was until financial capital was functionally connected with productive capital.
However, for some time now a different scheme has been in effect. Despite the short historical period of its implementation, material has already been accumulated to draw some conclusions.
Of course, the new situation requires deep scientific research leading to successful economic practices capable of ensuring the economic security of the country at all its structural levels.
2. Applied aspects of economic security
2.1 Methodology for identifying key problems of economic security
The relevance, complexity and novelty of the problem of economic security and the security of its financial component in the context of globalization requires a combination of empirical analysis with the implementation of the scientific potential of methodology and theory.
Deep structural changes in the system of economic relations in our country quite naturally gave a powerful impetus to the development of specific applied work across the entire spectrum of market relations, their structure and infrastructure. Our scientists, specialists, and practitioners had to quickly master both new economic vocabulary and new approaches to real economic processes.
Questions of methodology and theory were pushed into the background and even further, perhaps due to their dubious “Marxist” origins. Generations of young PhDs in economics understand the complexities of banking, but believe that methodology and technique are the same thing. But if in applied economic research it may be possible to limit oneself to methods, then in order to qualifiedly determine the nature of such complex phenomena as economic security, it is necessary to use both method and theory in combination.
As a method in this work, an attempt was made to use the universal principles of a systems approach.
The issue of economic security is already being actively developed in our country, a solid basis has been created for its further theoretical understanding, and a number of definitions have been proposed. But it appears that the work done is predominantly analytical in nature. The subject has been studied in parts, and the time has come to move from the specific to the general, i.e. produce synthesis. As a result of the synthesis, the subject under study - economic security - will appear as a whole, and the whole, as follows from the general theory of systems, is an interconnected set.
In relation to economic security, this can be represented as an interconnected set of economic relations within a large system, organized according to the principle of hierarchy, i.e. subordination of some structural elements of the system to others.
The main property of the system is its integrity. This means that the system is not a simple collection of its elements, their arithmetic sum. Its qualitative certainty depends on the strength of interaction and adhesion of its components. If individual elements fall out of the system, then it does not decrease, but collapses.
The consequence of the integrity of the system is integrativeness. Integrity is the fundamental law of any system - technological, biological, cultural, military, social, economic. The integrativeness of a system in abstract form is expressed in the irreducibility of the parts of the system to their sum, which is greater than its components.
In the language of economics, this means that the system, through the interaction of its parts, creates additional productive force, which is greater than the productive force of its individual parts.
The positive dynamics of the economic system are characterized by natural and monetary, absolute and relative indicators and indicates its economic security.
Economic security is a dynamic integral indicator of the integrity of the economic system.
Economic security belongs to the category of complex economic categories; as such, it reflects the relationships and interdependencies of a large economic system. This system can be characterized with varying degrees of abstraction in accordance with the methodological principle of ascent from the abstract to the concrete. Therefore, the proposed definition, due to its abstractness, is expanded into a number of other, more specific definitions as a necessary approximation to the modern realities of the Russian economy.
Nevertheless, it is possible to understand the current situation in a constantly reforming economy (although it is high time to stop at least in order to understand what economic system we are in) with minimal costs, using the developments of theory, thereby making a transition from methodological to conceptual principles of research.
However, if science has developed universal principles of a systems approach as a research method, then modern economics doesn't have it. On the contrary, it breaks up into different schools, directions that offer contradictory concepts that explain the same economic phenomena and processes are often from opposite positions.
IN last years The opinion about the crisis of economic theory as a whole began to spread. Both in our country and in the West, economic theory has proven inadequate in solving the problems of transitional post-socialist economies. For example, the inflation forecast for Russia turned out to be underestimated by tens of thousands of times; privatization did not lead to the emergence of an effective owner. True, the claims in this case must be presented to liberal economists. Well-known Western economists of alternative trends - the late V. Leontiev, C. Arrow, J. Tobin and others - were critical of the recommendations of experts close to the International Monetary Fund, for whom the main thing is to remove the state from the economy, while economists close to the institutional direction, they believe that during a period of radical structural restructuring of the economy, the regulatory role of the state should not be weakened, but strengthened.
Within the scope of this study, it is not possible to dwell on this issue specifically. However, it is incorrect to move away from it due to the need to turn to theory.
The reform of the economy of our country was carried out and is being carried out according to the liberal model, and its failures, at least in the West, are explained in the opposite way: supporters of economic liberalism - by the fact that the state continues to interfere in the economy, and their opponents - by the fact that the state has withdrawn from regulating complex economic processes, which ultimately led to the threat of loss of its economic security.
In 2001, a study was published in the United States, carried out under the auspices of the American independent research Institute of Peace, under the eloquent title “The Tragedy of Russian Reforms,” which consistently argues that reforms would be effective in economic and social relations, if they were carried out differently, democratically, taking into account the interests of the country’s population and its economic security.
The liberal model of reforms was, as already noted, focused on the eradication of state ownership, the creation of a social basis for capitalism, and already conceptually created a threat to the economic security of the country, since this model lacked criteria for economic and social efficiency.
It is no coincidence that the reality of such a threat has become the focus of attention of politicians, sociologists, and economists, and the problem of the economic security of our country has come to the forefront.
The crisis state of modern economic theory can be seen as an incentive to develop new approaches based on economic knowledge accumulated over many decades, which cannot depreciate due to the failure of any school or theory.
In this regard, institutional theory has great scientific potential, the fashion for which has led to significant costs and confusion, since it is difficult to understand why, for example, “new institutionalism” and “neo-institutional analysis” exist independently.
It seems to us that modern economic theory cannot be reduced to institutionalism, no matter how it is interpreted, it must be based on a synthesis of the current interpretation of classics, neoclassics and institutionalism. This version of the formation of a general economic theory is close to what Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. Mayevsky calls evolutionary theory. He writes: “The paradox of modern post-industrial society is that fundamental economic science in countries that have achieved success in the field of technological progress is still in captivity of the so-called orthodoxy, primarily neoclassical theory. The latter does not adequately describe the features of technologically progressive market economy... A consequence of this paradox can be considered the fact that something like a Chinese Wall has arisen between orthodoxy and modern business in the field of technology.”
The author rightly points out the timeliness of the process of formation of modern evolutionary theory, which considers economic development as an irreversible process of increasing complexity, diversity and productivity of production due to periodically repeated changes in technologies, types of products, organizations and institutions (rules of behavior, according to D. North).
D. North, laureate Nobel Prize, is the most authoritative representative of that version of institutionalism that adequately perceives and scientifically interprets modern economy, functioning on the basis of the interaction of market and non-market factors.
This important circumstance is also pointed out by J. Kornai, who made significant clarifications to the principles of systemic research within the framework of the “systemic paradigm”, modernizing it by including both market and non-market institutions in the system.
He offers a fairly broad understanding of the concept of institutions, which "includes the dominant legal structure of the system in question, its moral norms and property rights, the distribution of centers of power, the incentives interacting with the subjects of society, and the information structure."
The modern economic system is a more complex and more contradictory interaction of its constituent elements and components than the system of the classical market economy of the past. That is why it is advisable to trace the process of historical changes that have taken place, comparing the past with the present, turning to the classical system paradigm.
As is known, the classical school of English political economy made a historical transition from fragmentary economic knowledge to systemic one. It was the classics who made a breakthrough in theory, presenting the market economy as a large economic system of social division of labor, in which the connection between production and consumption is mediated by exchange and distribution.
A large economic system is economic relations between people in the process of production, exchange, distribution and consumption, which are self-regulated by the “invisible hand of the market”, i.e. competition. A large system is structurally composed of small systems. This means that production, exchange, distribution, and consumption have relative independence, their own structure and logic of development. Let us emphasize that this independence is relative, i.e. should not go beyond the dependency between small systems in accordance with the principles of hierarchy and integrity.
It is advisable to imagine a large economic system through the interconnections of its enlarged blocks - production and circulation. This is a departure from the scheme under consideration, but it allows us to dwell on two interpretations of the nature of the connection between them, the concept of the primacy of production over circulation and the exchange concept, which assigns a determining role to the sphere of circulation.
Classic concept The primacy of production over circulation was opposed in the past and is opposed in the present by the exchange concept, which considers the sphere of circulation as a system, and production as a subsystem.
Of course, 200 years ago there were other terms in use. The question rested on the nature of wealth and the sources of its achievement. Wealth was the central theme and subject of controversy between the mercantilists, on the one hand, and the physiocrats, and then the classics, on the other. The classics, as you know, associated wealth with the production of material goods.
Yes, when industrial capitalism the growth of profits was ensured by the expansion and modernization of production, leading to an increase in labor productivity; with the growth of the wealth of individual capitalists, the wealth of society grew. Capital needed qualified workers, and this expanded the sphere of education; capital was interested in the development of science and technology, using their achievements in competition. The system was integrative, its dynamics were positive. On this real basis, the ideology of liberalism was quite organically formed. The new economic system that emerged was dynamic, its integrativeness is beyond doubt. The connections and interrelations of production, exchange, distribution and consumption were mediated by the market; the contradictions inherent in the relative isolation of each of the small systems were successfully resolved until the first crisis of overproduction, which occurred in 1825 and was initially considered as a temporary failure in the sales sphere. But later it turned out that since 1825 the market system entered a stage of cyclical development that continues to this day.
During a crisis, the system loses its integrative properties; the whole ceases to be greater than the sum of its parts. In terms of organizational science - tectology by A. Bogdanov, ingression is a general form of chain communication and is equal to organization. Its opposite is disingression or disorganization, a sign of which is “a decrease in the practical sum of activities by the very way they are combined. And it becomes conceivable only in such a form that some part of them becomes resistance for some other part of them.” Such a certain part that offers resistance is consumption limited by solvent needs. Resistance in the sphere of consumption operates constantly and only gradually reaches a critical mass, manifested through a crisis.
Before the global crisis of 1929-1933. the system itself coped with crises, and each point of economic recovery exceeded the previous one. The system developed along an ascending line, although through periodic recessions, i.e. she was in relative economic security.
However, the global crisis of 1929-1933, especially destructive in the United States and rightly called the “Great Depression” there, turned out to be irreversible. This was, in the full sense of this definition, a crisis of the system of market self-regulation.
The way out of the crisis was not carried out by the “invisible hand of the market”, not through competition mechanisms, but through the methods of strict government regulation within the framework of President Roosevelt’s “New Deal”. Adopted laws “On the restoration national industry”, “On the regulation of agriculture”, etc. contradicted the American Constitution, but met the needs of US national security, the central place of which was given to economic security.
Roosevelt’s “New Deal” marks the beginning of the history of a mixed economy in the United States and Europe, where economic policy was formed under the influence of the ideas of John Keynes, which he set out in his monograph, published in 1936. General theory employment, interest and money."
Keynesianism took hold in the post-war period for three decades. Every government of any developed country has prioritized the fight against unemployment by increasing aggregate demand population. Without going into details of his fairly well-reasoned recommendations to increase aggregate demand in order to stimulate investment through various social payments, etc., we can state that they were ultimately aimed at intra-system balancing of production and consumption. But for this, methods of government intervention in the economy, both direct and indirect, through financial and credit instruments and levers, turned out to be necessary.
Terms belonging to Keynes, such as “built-in stabilizer”, “fiscal multiplier”, indicate the introduction of non-market institutions into the system of market relations.
The predecessors of Keynes in a certain sense in this direction were American institutionalists, who drew attention to the limitations of the neoclassical analysis of human economic behavior, which is supposedly guided only by the relations of supply and demand, while in reality his behavior is influenced by various institutions - family, trade unions, traditions, education, culture, religion. J. Commons, for example, considered such a market category as value not as a result of the interaction of supply and demand, but as a product of a legal agreement of “collective institutions.”
In the 20s of the 20th century, institutionalists justified state intervention in the economy with the goals of curbing the power of monopolies; in the 30s, the main task of the state was considered to be anti-crisis regulation. In this regard, the structure of a large economic system has become more complex due to the integration of non-market institutions, or stabilizers, into its subsystems. Thus, in direct production, the relationship between labor and capital has lost its purely market character due to the legislative establishment of the minimum wages and the participation of trade unions in concluding collective agreements between employees and their employers.
In the post-war period governmental support business began to be carried out through tax benefits, method accelerated depreciation, which first began to be used in the USA in 1942. Then other countries began to use it: Germany in 1948, France in 1960, and Great Britain in 1962.
Built-in stabilizers include: social payments, including unemployment benefits. Indeed, the taxes that fund unemployment benefits rise sharply when employment levels are high. That's why reserve fund rises during boom times and puts pressure on too much spending, keeping inflation in check. On the contrary, during a period of weak employment, the reserve fund is used to pay income, which increases effective demand, supporting consumption, which leads to a decrease in the rate of decline in production, thereby mitigating the recession.
Other types of benefits - such as charitable payments outside the system social insurance- by the nature of their automatic anticyclic regulation, they also belong to the stabilizing type.
Thus, not only the production segment of the economic system falls out of the space of free competition to the extent that state regulation exists. This applies to exchange, distribution, and consumption.
One of the conditions for Russia's entry into the World trade organization is, as is known, the deregulation of agricultural production. However, in the USA, Canada and Europe, favorable climatic conditions do not prevent subsidizing agriculture in amounts that are not comparable with the costs of this key industry for Russia in terms of its economic security. In the United States, the number of employees in the Department of Agriculture system is second only to the Pentagon, but the point is not in the number, but in the variety of the functions that employees of this ministry perform in regulating such an important industry.
The US government uses a powerful tool to stabilize the economy through a system of purchasing goods and services for its needs in the amount of about 2 trillion. US dollars, i.e. is a permanent participant in exchange relations. The data presented do not provide a complete picture of the institutional features of the modern economic system, but can serve to expose the myth about the advantages of free competitive market system, which has long been absent from nature.
The inclusion of non-market institutions in the economic system is caused by the objective need to ensure its economic security and was achieved by maintaining the integrity of the system, greater or lesser consistency of its structural elements and components. Periodically arising after the crisis of the 30s. of the last century, recessions were not of a threatening nature for economic security, with the exception of the global crises of 1974-75. and the crisis that began in 2001 and is currently ongoing, which in many ways is systemic in nature.
It can be argued that the crisis of the early 70s. last century was the prologue to the modern crisis.
In the early 70s of the last century, two events occurred that left their mark on all subsequent years. This is the collapse of the gold standard as a result of the US refusal to exchange paper dollars for gold to IMF member states.
Masses of paper dollars were issued on the Euromarkets, then Eurobonds were issued, the issue of which was not subject to tax, Euro-commercial bills appeared with the condition of payment in Eurocurrency, etc. This was the first impetus for the isolated position of the sphere of circulation in the economic system, which quickly acquired a supranational character.
Another important event in the early 70s was the organization of the international cartel of oil producers and exporters, OPEC, and its decision to repeatedly increase oil prices.
Both of these factors influenced the nature of the next cyclical crisis, which was distinguished by a combination of high unemployment and high inflation, which was formally contradictory Keynesian model combinations low level unemployment with measured inflation.
The classical cycle in the depression phase is characterized by a decrease in prices and, on this basis, the resorption of commodity surpluses, a crisis in 1974-1975. in this respect was not classic, prices were kept at high level not only because of oil prices, but also because of the excess money in circulation associated with the collapse of the gold standard.
Accusations of the current situation against Keynesian countercyclical regulation were, to say the least, incorrect. Keynes recommended paper issue as a cash reserve government, which should be used for investment in production during a recession, but with the condition that the investment must go to real sector economy, and not on speculative operations in the markets.
The ambiguity of the course towards deregulation and liberalization of economic relations has another aspect - the discrepancy between the ideology of economic liberalism and the actual practice of government regulation in all economic sectors. developed countries with a "market economy".
The course towards deregulation within the framework of Reaganomics or Thatcherism was decisively declared, but was implemented with great caution. In practice, Keynesian methods of influencing economic cycle, for example, the well-known practice of regulating the interest rate central bank USA - Federal Reserve System, its increase during periods of high market conditions and decrease during periods of recession.
Important areas of key importance for the economic security of the country remained under state protection and control, for example, Agriculture and energy, not to mention military and space programs.
It was not until 1996 that the California legislature decided to abolish state control over the electrical supply system within its jurisdiction.
It was assumed that energy producers, freed from state control, would enter into noble competition for consumers, market mechanisms would work, and prices would begin to fall, as is written in Economics textbooks. According to A. Marshall's pricing model, the excess profit generated as a result of rising prices due to demand exceeding supply, which he called “quasi-rent,” should be invested in increasing production capacity, as a result supply will increase and prices will decrease.
However, in reality it turned out that the construction of powerful power plants requires billions of dollars of investment, i.e. long-term money, while the shortage of electricity during peak hours allows it to be sold at a price 8-10 times higher than the cost of its production. California has experienced rolling blackouts that have left a lasting impression on other states that have been slow to take advantage of California's free market economy.
Investments in the real sector of the economy are becoming unattractive in comparison with the fantastic returns of stock market speculation and the possibilities of transferring enterprises to countries with low investment costs. labor. This practice is associated with the activities of transnational corporations (TNCs), which explode national economic systems and do not fit into the traditional economic theory international division of labor. New world economy, which began to be designated as global, did not receive a worthy theoretical interpretation. Naturally, it is not in the system of A. Smith, nor in the system of K. Marx, nor in the system of J. Keynes, who considered international processes as national processes that went beyond their borders, and did not attach to them the special significance that they acquired currently.
2.2. Globalization as a threat to the economic sovereignty of the state
Indeed, in the past, the foreign economy was not divorced from its national soil, international economic relations were of an interstate nature and guaranteed the inviolability of sovereignty and economic security, and the principle of mutual benefit operated in international exchanges.
Globalization poses a threat to both the sovereignty of the state and its national security, if it is considered in the aspect of the activities of TNCs, for which the territory of the earth is equal to the economic space for the free movement of goods and capital belonging to them.
It is known that the basis of the global economic system is about 500 TNCs, five of them control more than half of the world production of durable goods, as well as aircraft, electronic equipment for cars, etc.
Supporting the ideology of economic liberalism, advocating the free movement of capital, goods, and services within the global economic space, TNCs themselves use planning and set prices not as a result of the struggle between supply and demand, but administratively. But the most important thing is that in the 90s of the last century there was a transformation of transnational capital into financial capital with its separation from real capital.
At the system level, this means a gap between the sphere of production and the sphere of circulation, an imbalance in the connection between production, exchange, distribution and consumption. And this is no longer abstract reasoning, but an objective reality expressed in numbers. Thus, if in 1990 600 billion US dollars were spent daily in monetary speculation, then in 1997 - more than 1 trillion. US dollars, which is 29-30 times the cost of goods and services sold per day.
Separation of finances from real economy is a historical reality of the end of the twentieth century.
With the increasing power of computers in the market valuable papers secondary securities began to dominate, pooled general concept"derivatives". These are futures, swaps, options, etc. Not long ago, these securities were a kind of insurance for the real economy. But then, with the development of the electronic market, derivatives trading became completely autonomous. In the mid-90s of the XX century. commercial director of Deutsche Bank T. Fischer defined the current situation as follows: “the financial world has emancipated itself from the real sphere.”
This emancipation was expressed in astronomical amounts: at the end of the 20th century. The total volume of the secondary securities market was approaching 100 trillion. US dollars, and the annual turnover of financial transactions reached half a quadrillion US dollars.
Economist who did not accept the postulates modern monetarism, one must wonder how such fantastic sums can be achieved, which is the source of enrichment for financial speculators, were the old mercantilists right who believed that the source of wealth was trade? The answer may be clear: the super-profits of financial speculators are the result of the redistribution of material wealth on a global scale. This is made possible by the liberalization of national economies, depriving the state of the possibility of tough financial control, regulation foreign exchange market, preservation of national wealth.
The new economic system emerging as a result of globalization contains a destructive gene that gives rise to and multiplies the importance of the asymmetry factor - the hypertrophy of the stock market, which is fueled by dimensionless credit resources.
The famous historian and ethnologist L. Gumilyov called space and time parameters of the history of ethnic groups. He gave space essentially economic definition, calling it a “containing and feeding landscape.” He interpreted time in an extraordinary way, emphasizing the conventions of both linear and cyclic time.
But time, like space, has economic content, for example, an indicator of hourly labor productivity, the cyclical nature of a market economy, timing depreciation charges etc. At the same time, these indicators can be included in the integrative indicator of the security of the economic system. It should be clarified that logically, at the theoretical level, we can talk about a single integrative indicator of economic security and its positive dynamics. However, economic security is made up of many factors - military, political, economic, social, demographic. Of particular importance in modern conditions have energy and food security directly related to economic space. And this is nothing new. As we have seen, the economic aspect of space was taken into account earlier both in theory and in practice, but economic space was not an independent object of scientific research and was not considered as economic category as it is currently happening.
There are quite serious reasons for bringing the problem of security of the economic space to the forefront.
Of course, this is directly related to globalization, which has already been discussed. However, attention to the negative manifestations of globalization, which constitute a threat to economic security not only for Russia, but also for the world economy, should not distract from the objective processes underlying the globalization of the world space.
Economic space coincides with the territory in a natural closed economy that exists on the principles of self-sufficiency, or autarky.
In a market economy, economic space is determined by the scale of production and the geography of sales of its product. Its conquest is carried out on the basis of specialization and cooperation. This is the material basis for the activities of TNCs, for which the territory of the earth is an economic space without national borders, in which capital, goods, and services move freely. Modern communications and, potentially, the Internet make the economic space unified and nationalless.
The economic space has turned into an aggressive economic, competitive environment, which remains open to new competitors. Therefore, Russia should make full use of its intellectual potential, natural resources, and part of the remaining production base to adequately support its national producers and potential exporters.
With the support of government protectionism, soft and hidden, as is done in countries with developed market economies, domestic entrepreneurs, through the inevitable processes of mergers and acquisitions, can move on to conquering economic space, or, more precisely, to recapturing it. It would not be amiss to remember that the Westerner and market leader S. Witte insisted on pursuing an active protectionist policy in relation to young Russian capital.
In the Soviet system, the main role in ensuring economic security at all its structural levels was played by the state. In addition to a powerful apparatus of political control, which is condemned by the public, the state had an equally powerful economic base.
However, without delving into the still unclear question of the comparative advantages or disadvantages of various models of control, we note something in common: the role of the state in the economy is proportional to the resources it controls, be it the budget, natural resources, property rights.
The Russian state continues to free itself from such burdens as industrial enterprises, land, reduces taxes and thereby loses the opportunity to have a significant influence on business processes, not to mention economic security and one of its main threats - capital flight from the country. This sensitive issue is not discussed properly, although it is the reason for the meager state budget.
While ceding economic space to business, the state should not shy away from fulfilling its inherent modern functions- political, economic, social. Government regulation economic processes should be aimed at restoring optimal proportions between production, exchange, distribution and consumption. This purpose can be served by the institutions of property rights, contract law, competitive order, etc., the activation of which can reduce the factor of uncertainty, reduce risks and threats to economic security of both business and the state.
Conclusion
To sum up, we can state that Russia’s economic security is closely related to the structure and dynamics of the world economy, which is in a state of potential systemic crisis. Our country can protect its economy from the risks of globalization by reducing its dependence on accidents and sudden fluctuations in the world market.
The answer to the needs of ensuring economic security can be the scientific achievements of the theory of disasters, the subject of which is the study and prevention of risks, conflicts and crises.
The need to turn to the theory of catastrophes for many became obvious already at the beginning of “perestroika” and the response to it was the publication of a monograph by academician V. Arnold “The Theory of Catastrophes”, which formulated guidelines for responding to difficulties and probable undesirable consequences of reforms.
The main thing is to realize nonlinearity transient processes, to which managers accustomed to linear thinking need to adapt.
This can be understood as a call for prompt and non-standard decisions and actions to prevent a crisis in the economic security of the country, primarily from the state, but not only from the state, but also from institutions - norms, mechanisms, rules of behavior.
List of used literature
1. Abalkin L.I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Questions of Economics. - 1994. - No. 12
2. Arnold V. Theory of disasters. - M., 1990.
3. Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science, book 1. - M., 1989. - P. 161.
4. Bogdanov I.A. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: ISPIRAN, 2005. - P. 28
5. Gumelev A.A. From Rus' to Russia. - M., 1992; Osipov Yu.M. Russia in actual time-space // Philosophy of Economics. - 2004. - No. 5.
6. Ershov M. Russia and the levers of globalization policy // ME and MO. - 2003. - No. 5. - P. 3.
7. Zagashvili V.S. Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, 2004. - P. 114
8. Illarionov A.I. Criteria for economic security // Questions of Economics. - 2004. - No. 10
9. Martin G.P., Schumann H. The trap of globalization: an attack on prosperity and democracy. - M.: Publishing House "ALPINA", 2001. - P. 82.
10. Movsesyan A., Ognivtsev S. Transnational capital and national states // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 6. - P. 56-57.
11. Nekipelov A.D. Consequences of globalization in financial sector. In: Macroeconomic and financial policy in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Materials of situational analysis. - M.: IMEPI RAS "EPIKON", 2004. - P. 77.
12. Ortting R. RAO UES of California. - N.G. 01/20/2001.
13. Pankov V. Economic security // Interlink. - 2002. - No. 3
14. Plisetsky A. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2005. - No. 5.
15. Plisetsky D. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 5. - P. 28.
16. Puzanov V.I. Intellectual potentials of the USA and Russia: on the way to competition of minds // USA and Canada. - 2003. - No. 12.
17. Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 1970. - T. 5; Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science. - M., 1989.
18. Chekmarev V.V. On the theory of economic space // News of the St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance. - 2005. - No. 3.
19. Economic security: Production - Finance - Banks / Under. ed. VC. Senchagova. - M.: Finstatinform, 2004
20. Reddaway P. & Glinsky D. The tragedy of Russia’s Reforms. Market Bolshevism Against Democracy. - Wash.: United States Institutes of Peace, 2001.
See: Illarionov A.I. Criteria for economic security // Questions of Economics. - 2004. - No. 10; Economic security: Production - Finance - Banks / Under. ed. VC. Senchagova. - M.: Finstatinform, 2004; Bogdanov I.A. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: ISPIRAN, 2005. - P. 28; Abalkin L.I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Questions of Economics. - 1994. - No. 12; Pankov V. Economic security // Interlink. - 2002. - No. 3; Zagashvili V.S. Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, 2004. - P. 114; Plisetsky A. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2005. - No. 5.
For example, Nekipelov A.D., analyzing the process of globalization in the financial sector, notes: “... a modern monetary and financial system has emerged, characterized by the highest degree of internationalization of capital while maintaining the national-state form of organization of monetary and financial systems.” Nekipelov A.D. Consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In: Macroeconomic and financial policy in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Materials of situational analysis. - M.: IMEPI RAS "EPIKON", 2004. - P. 77.
See: Plisetsky D. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 5. - P. 28.
See: Ershov M. Russia and the levers of globalization policy // ME and MO. - 2003. - No. 5. - P. 3.
See: Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 1970. - T. 5; Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science. - M., 1989.
See: Chekmarev V.V. On the theory of economic space // News of the St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance. - 2005. - No. 3.
See: Arnold V. Theory of disasters. - M., 1990.
See: Puzanov V.I. Intellectual potentials of the USA and Russia: on the way to competition of minds // USA and Canada. - 2003. - No. 12.
Problems of ensuring economic security of Russia
The need for protection from unwanted external influences and radical internal changes, in other words, the need for security is a basic, fundamental need for the life of both an individual, a family, and various associations of people, including society and the state. In the conditions of the formation of a market economy, the sphere of safe existence has narrowed so much that the constant and massive dissatisfaction of this need has an impact on negative impact on the development of the functioning of individual citizens, families, organizations, the state and society as a whole, exacerbating the crisis state of all spheres of its life.
Today, the most pressing issues are related to threats to the national security of the Russian Federation. Economic security is one of the most important components of the country's national security.
Currently, the object of economic security is the economy at all levels with its tasks of stability, invulnerability, balance of obvious benefits and certain damage introduced by the process of “pulling” into international market relations and economic relations. The crisis state of the economy is manifested through a significant reduction in production, a decrease in investment activity, the destruction of scientific and technical potential, stagnation of the agricultural sector, and a decrease in revenue. federal budget etc.
The object of this study is the economic security of Russia. The subject of the research is the problems of ensuring the economic security of Russia. regulatory security management
The purpose of the work is to study the concept of “economic security” and identify the main problems of its organization in Russia. As a result of the study, the following tasks were solved:
reveal the essence of the concept of “economic security”;
consider the regulatory framework for economic security;
study the main governing bodies of economic security in Russia;
consider mechanisms for ensuring economic security in Russia;
draw conclusions about the importance of ensuring economic security and solving the main problems.
The topic of the course work, its goals and objectives determined the research methodology. It was carried out within the framework of macroeconomic and structural-institutional approaches based on the dialectical method, historical and logical analysis, methods of economic and mathematical modeling, as well as statistical and econometric methods for processing and analyzing empirical data.
Theoretical and methodological basis The research was based on the works of domestic and foreign economists in the field of management and protection of economic interests, solving security problems, the results of scientific research by the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and a number of other institutes on economic security issues.
Various aspects of managing the national economy and its individual sectors in the context of the transformation of the Russian economy have been studied by many domestic and foreign scientists. The works of L.I. are devoted to economic security in the main spheres of the economy. Abalkin, A.V. Sidorovich, Yu.S. Ufimtsev, A.A. Odintsov, V.K. Senchagova, S. Rabkina and others. Both periodicals and teaching aids were used.
According to the degree of importance, economic security indicators can be divided into general, basic and specific. Based on the scale of the characterized security object, we can distinguish:
- 1) microeconomic indicators that determine the state of the enterprise, firm, institution, as well as families and individuals;
- 2) mesoeconomic indicators characterizing the region or industry;
- 3) macroeconomic indicators reflecting the state of the country’s economy as a whole.
The main mechanism for ensuring economic security in Russia is also highlighted, and the basic principles for ensuring economic security are considered. The second chapter reveals actual problems ensuring economic security in Russia today. In the context of the study, the interaction of the federal center and regions in the process of ensuring economic security, the main problems and the significance of this interaction are considered. It is emphasized that the discrepancy between the vertical management and the actually established horizontal regulation of regional economic development aggravates the situation and introduces chaos into the development of relations between the federal center and the regions and that, according to E.M. Primakov, “Russia faces a long struggle not only for building effective state institutions, but also to overcome deep-rooted resistance to the very idea of strengthening the rule of law. And as it happened in the history of our country, part of the final solution to the problem of the legitimacy of power may be the transfer of power from the center to the regions and local authorities.”
The influence of the development of nanotechnologies within the framework of scientific and technical progress on the economic security of the country is revealed. Since nanometric materials and products (with parameters from 1 to 100 nm) are characterized by radically improved physical, chemical and consumer properties, it is often impossible to get a full-scale idea of the prospects and possible consequences of this systemic process. Pessimists focus public attention on the potential threats and risks of nanotechnological production and use of products with nanofeatures. We are talking about the possible biological and environmental danger of nanoobjects. According to experts of the UN World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), the following specific properties of nanotechnologies are of greatest concern: the invisibility of nanotechnologies during their use makes it difficult to control and track their consequences (as with nuclear technologies); The high pace of development of nanotechnologies makes it difficult, especially in the long term, to predict their possible consequences and take appropriate measures. It is generally accepted that the field of nanotechnology in Russia is “quite ‘politicized’, as it uses significant amounts of government funding distributed among competing groups.”
The main results of the study are that in order to ensure the economic security of Russia and to solve the assigned tasks, it is necessary to develop an appropriate mechanism for their implementation. The mechanism for ensuring the economic security of the country in the context of globalization is a system of organizational, economic and legal measures to prevent economic threats. It includes the following elements:
- - objective and comprehensive monitoring of the economy and society in order to identify and predict internal and external threats to economic security;
- - development of threshold, maximum permissible values of socio-economic indicators, non-compliance with which leads to instability and social conflicts;
- - state activities to identify and prevent internal and external threats to economic security.
The mechanism for ensuring economic security in the context of globalization is implemented through a state strategy, which should be an ideology of development and take into account strategic priorities and national interests. Therefore the main goal economic strategy consists in shaping the structure of the economy and the formation of industrial, financial and banking structures capable of creating conditions for the introduction of capital into a new direction of economic development.
Another important aspect economic security strategies - sustainability national currency. State strategy in the field of ensuring economic security is developed and implemented within the framework of the ongoing economic policy, the main priorities of which are achieving sustainability economic situation personality, socio-economic stability of society, the state, respect for the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, legality and law-abiding of everyone, including government bodies.
For these purposes, a well-functioning and reliable system of state influence on the economy must be created, allowing for the regulation of the most important economic transformations with minimal losses, and also capable of taking on the functions of managing and maintaining the country’s economy at a safe level. The state must implement a set of measures, first of all, to ensure economic growth, which will guarantee the economic security of the country.
Since the problem of economic security has been quite relevant in Russia since the early 90s. This is quite natural, since the transformation of the state is accompanied by the collapse of old institutions and the creation of new ones. But, as you know, this process is very long and expensive. Accordingly, during this period the country is in a transitional state and is quite vulnerable. Until now, the government of the Russian Federation cannot bring the country to the proper level. The prevention of various threats to economic security is entrusted to the President of Russia federal authorities executive power. There are special government regulations in this area with lists of measures, but, unfortunately, today their application in practice is not felt.
In conclusion, I would like to highlight the main directions for solving problems in the field of ensuring the economic security of Russia.
It is necessary to improve the regulatory framework for all types of economic relations. Russia's national interests in the economic field are key. Complete solution problems associated with the implementation of Russia's interests is possible only on the basis of the sustainable functioning of diversified high-tech production, capable of providing leading sectors of the economy with high-quality raw materials and equipment, the army with weapons, the population and social sphere with consumer goods and services, and foreign trade with competitive export goods.
The isolation of regional economic complexes has created a psychology of temporary workers, which society today has to abandon. The objective, at that time, isolation of the economic complexes of the regions, which took place within the framework of political euphoria, the complexity of the system of relations between the regions and the federal center, including in matters of budget financing and tax relations, formed a new system of federal interaction. It was built not simply on the principles of administrative-territorial division, but on economic lobbying of certain interests. Hence the lack of those “links” between the center, regions, state corporations, private companies and the population, which actually force each of the participants in this process to determine their interests.
From the standpoint of ensuring the economic security of the country, it is strategically important that the planned projects be implemented, since, on the one hand, the federal center actually provides additional funding to the regions, and on the other, the regions themselves activate their internal reserves, forming a new system of economic relations. The state deliberately finances from federal sources those powers that in many Western countries are financed by the regions themselves. Thereby creating the basis for the subsequent independent development of the territories, but within the framework of the Federation and the overall development strategy of the country. Perhaps this is one of the options for the transition from disintegration processes to the integration of territories. As for another problem related to nanotechnology, it shows that the equalization in the current situation of the level of financing for nanoindustrialization in Russia and the United States is a unique phenomenon in itself. But to increase production and increase the competitiveness of domestic nanoproducts, systemic institutional changes are needed, first of all. They are associated with the development of the target mechanism state lending long-term innovation projects, “cultivating” public-private venture partnership institutions, forming an effective patent system and strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights, introducing procedures for strategic and indicative planning of development institutions with setting targets for their activities, establishing strict requirements and safety standards for nanomaterials, etc.
Tsvetkova A.Yu.
Ph.D., Associate Professor
GOU VPO St. Petersburg State Mining Institute named after. G.V. Plekhanov (TU)
Problems of ensuring economic security of Russia during the economic crisis
The problems of ensuring the economic security of the country, stable economic development of the state and society are faced by many countries of the world, especially during times of crisis. The current socio-economic situation in Russia determines the extreme relevance of the state’s purposeful activities in the sphere of ensuring the economic security of the country and Russian society.The realization of Russia's national interests in most cases is possible only if there are sufficient economic opportunities and sustainable economic development. Thus, we can say that economic security has a decisive place in common system national security.
As world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the country’s independence, a condition for the stability and efficiency of society, and achieving success. Therefore, ensuring economic security is one of the most important national priorities.
Economic security is a set of internal and external conditions conducive to the effective dynamic growth of the national economy, its ability to satisfy the needs of society, the state, the individual, to ensure competitiveness in external and internal markets, insuring against various types of threats and losses.
The economic security of the country must be ensured, first of all, by the efficiency of the economy itself, that is, along with protective measures carried out by the state, it must protect itself on the basis high performance labor, product quality, etc. Ensuring the economic security of the country is not the prerogative of any one government department or service. It must be supported by the entire system government agencies, all links and structures of the economy.
In 2000, the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation was adopted - a system of views on ensuring the security of the individual, society and state in the Russian Federation from external and internal threats in all spheres of life. The Concept formulates the most important directions public policy Russian Federation.
The concept defines the fundamental starting points for the country’s national security, which should become the basis for the formation of internal and foreign policy states. It provides an analysis of Russia's place in the world community, defines its national interests, processes and phenomena that threaten them.
The primary role in ensuring Russia's national security is played by the protection of the country's national interests in the economic sphere. Ultimately, ensuring all elements of national security: defense, environmental, information, foreign policy and others - depends on the economic capabilities of the country. At the same time, the development of a program of priority and long-term measures to ensure Russia’s economic security and practical steps in this direction must be based on a clear understanding of modern threats.
In accordance with the National Security Concept, “in the economic sphere, threats are complex in nature and are caused, first of all, by a significant reduction in domestic gross product, a decrease in investment, innovation activity and scientific and technical potential, stagnation of the agricultural sector, imbalance of the banking system, growth of external and internal public debt, a tendency for fuel, raw materials and energy components to predominate in export supplies, and food and consumer goods in import supplies, including basic necessities." The state of the domestic economy, the imperfection of the system of organization of state power and civil society, the socio-political polarization of Russian society and the criminalization of public relations, the growth of organized crime and the increase in the scale of terrorism, the aggravation of interethnic and complicated international relations create a wide range of internal and external threats to the national security of the country. The weakening of the country's scientific, technical and technological potential, the reduction of research in strategically important areas of scientific and technological development, the outflow of specialists and intellectual property abroad threaten Russia with the loss of its leading positions in the world, the degradation of high-tech industries, increased external technological dependence and the undermining of Russia's defense capability.
Negative processes in the economy underlie the separatist aspirations of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This leads to increased political instability, weakening of the single economic space of Russia and its most important components - production, technological and transport connections, financial, banking, credit and tax systems.
Economic disintegration, social differentiation society, the devaluation of spiritual values contribute to increased tension in the relationship between the regions and the center, posing a threat to the federal structure and the socio-economic structure of the Russian Federation.
Even a brief analysis of modern threats allows us to draw a conclusion about the need for a radical change in approaches to ensuring the economic security of the country. The growth of these threats is largely due to miscalculations in the choice of strategy and tactics for Russian reforms.
During reforms, any transformations in society and the economy, and during a crisis, the economy is especially defenseless against threats to economic security. As world experience shows, during such periods the instability of the economy increases and its normal functioning.
The economic logic of development presupposes the diversification of sales markets, and in this case, a reasonable long-term policy of Russia should link the energy strategy and modernization of the country, since energy exports are the main financial source development, as follows from the structure of the Russian foreign trade. In the long term, Russia, like any country with sufficient human and natural resources, will try to modernize its manufacturing industry, especially mechanical engineering, while the task of finding export niches will be increasingly relevant in the conditions economic crisis.
Currently, it is necessary to develop internal Russian market, increase the solvency of the population, and increase the well-being of the population by all means.
It is necessary to improve the efficiency of property management - both in private and in public sectors.
It is necessary to reduce the existing bias of the national economy in favor of the export-oriented sector of the economy by placing large-scale government orders in the military-industrial complex, nuclear, mechanical engineering, aviation and aerospace, chemical and pharmaceutical, electronic industries, ensuring the creation of goods with high added value.
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