Yurginsky Technological Institute of Tomsk Polytechnic University

Student, Department of Economics and automated systems management

Politsinskaya Ekaterina Viktorovna, candidate economic sciences, senior lecturer at the Department of Economics and Automated Control Systems, Yurga Technological Institute, Tomsk Polytechnic University

Annotation:

Modern society exposed to risk from all sides: development of new technologies, huge impact scientific and technological progress per person, climate change, increase in the number of new diseases, emergence of geopolitical centers economic development, man-made disasters, energy shortages - all this forces us to transform the role of the state in the field of economic security.

Modern society with all parties at risk: the development of new technologies, the huge impact of technological progress on human rights, climate change, the proliferation of new diseases, the emergence of geopolitical centers of economic development, technological disasters, lack of energy – all this makes it necessary to transform the role of the state in the field of economic security.

Keywords:

economy; security of the Russian economy; economic security problems

economy; security of the Russian economy; problems of economic security

UDC 338.2

Persistent and active formation state economy, its effectiveness and competitiveness in domestic and world markets are directly related to the economic security of the country.

Economic security is usually considered as an important high-quality assessment of the country’s economic system, which establishes its ability to support the usual requirements of the population’s life, a stable endowment of resources for the development of a national economy, as well as the methodical implementation of national-state interests.

The purpose of writing this article is to identify the main issues and difficulties in ensuring the economic security of Russia.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks should be identified:

• define the concept of economic security;
• note the main indicators of economic security;
• consider problems of ensuring economic security national economy Russia.

Ensuring the economic security of the country is one of the most pressing issues at this time. As demonstrated world practice, protection of economic security is a guarantor of the country’s independence, the main sign of stability and successful functioning of society. The difficulties of establishing economic security in Russia, as a necessary condition for its formation, attract the very close attention of many politicians, various scientists, and other large sections of the population. This interest was not caused by chance. The scale of the threats, as well as the possible real damage caused to the financial security of the state, bring the mentioned difficulties to the attention of public life.

Now, the category of economic security is explained differently in the scientific literature. For example, according to the judgment of L.I. Abalkin, “economic security is a state of the economic system that allows it to develop dynamically, efficiently and solve social problems, and in which the state has the opportunity to develop and implement an independent economic policy.”

To ensure state security, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 12, 2009, Decree No. 537 “On the National Security Strategy” was issued Russian Federation until 2020”, where the concept of state security of the Russian Federation was approved. It reflects the main, expected threats to national security, as well as the main tasks, directions, principles for ensuring the state economic security of the Russian Federation. And domestic policy, as well as suggestions to satisfy all economic needs population and reliable protection from internal and external threats.

The goal of the concept of providing economic security is considered to be: ensuring proportionate and constant financial growth, curbing the growth rate of inflation and unemployment, developing an effective structure of the economy and market valuable papers, reducing the budget deficit and government debt, provision social protection, maintaining stability national currency and so on.

When considering problems of economic security, it is important to assess the current state of the Russian economy, which has developed in previous years. Superior in territory, gas and oil production, and resources, in comparison with the United States, China and Japan, Russia produces a much smaller volume of GDP, as well as GDP per capita. Also, product exports remain low, and Russia remains dependent on imported services. We can safely say that, despite its vast territory, the Russian economy provides much less financial return than it could, given the amount of financial reserves accumulated in recent years.

Problems of global economic security are closely related to one of the main tasks of the economy - the harmonization of its spheres.

Harmonization is finding a balance between the main areas and sectors of the economy. Its basis can be a large-scale increase in production volumes within the country. A sufficiently high growth rate in industry must also be ensured, for example in the fuel and energy complex. The problem of introducing competitive advanced technologies is acute. In Russia, according to independent assessment, the greatest potential lies in the resource-extracting industries, while the processing and processing industries are lagging behind. In the last two years, there has been a slight revival in these industries. Transport and communications are the most conducive to production growth, while the most important industry requiring innovation - mechanical engineering - remains at an insufficiently high level.

The technological level of the economy depends primarily on two factors - innovation and investment. The state of affairs in terms of investments is slowly but improving, and the state of innovation in them barely reaches 12%. Accordingly, the competitiveness of technologies for the production of machinery and equipment has a significant position in the technological base of the state.

The problem of industrial safety in Russia is one of the main problems. Having approximately 15% of the world's agricultural land reserves, the state uses this wealth ineffectively: Russia's share in world agricultural production is no more than 2%. The reason is that about 40% of land suitable for agricultural land is ownerless and unused. A country that has 17 million km 2 of territory can produce only 58% of the food the country needs. Every year, Russia's dependence on food imports increases and approaches 45%, and in some megacities it is about 82 - 88%. However, as a result of the introduction by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin's decree on the food embargo in August 2014 gave local producers a real chance to reduce the statistics on the use of imported products.

To preserve Russia as a major agrarian-industrial power and save the country from economic decline, it is worth moving on to developing a strategy real economy country and revive the agricultural complex. This approach will require an immediate strengthening of the role of government participation in the economy.

Another noticeable problem of economic security is the reduction in the quantity and quality of labor resources. It is believed that by 2025 the number of working-age citizens in the country will decrease by 14 - 15 million people, and the number of pensioners, on the contrary, will increase by 5 - 7 million people. According to forecasts, by 2050 Russia will experience a sharp demographic decline, as a result of which the number of working-age citizens will decrease by 40 - 42%, which is approximately 39 million people.

Under such conditions, it is very important to clearly identify the main directions of economic development, where a breakthrough and increase in labor productivity and ensuring the competitiveness of domestic products are possible. To do this, state program projects on innovation should be developed and implemented. They must be provided with real resources, specialists, professionals in their field. If you choose the right principles innovative development country, then they will be able to ensure the progress of the entire national economy as a whole.

Economic threats are complex. Economic security is subject to risks from a variety of factors; At the same time, they are not only economic. Social, environmental, informational, political and many other factors also have a great influence.

The state must implement a full system of measures, first of all, to ensure sustainable economic growth, this will be a guarantor of national economic security.

Such measures should cover all areas of the economy. These measures include factors such as: implementation of a dynamically developing social policy, strengthening the role of the state in various financial spheres.

Bibliography:

1. Beketov N.V. Problems of ensuring the economic security of the state in the sphere externally economic activity/ N.V. Beketov, M.E. Tarasov // National interests: priorities and security. – 2009. – 124 p.
2. Dukart S.A., Politsinskaya E.V. Economic theory. Macroeconomics: textbook. benefit, 2013.
3. International Journal of Management Theory and Practice [ Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.uptp.ru/content/Disp_Art.php?Num=1826, open access.
4. Russian newspaper[Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.rg.ru/2009/05/19/strategia-dok.html, open access.
5. Electronic magazine " Basic Research» No. 9 – 2012. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.rae.ru/fs/?section=content&op=show_article&article_id=9999423, open access.

Reviews:

07/15/2015, 14:53 Kuzmenko Igor Nikolaevich
Review: Alisa, what is your personal contribution to the development of the topic of economic security? I personally didn’t see anything original or new from what I read. You repeat the words that have already set everyone’s teeth on edge: “the state must.” But for some reason, this very state does not do this. This is exactly what you, as a researcher, were obliged to connect with the topic of national security, and not to shift the words of textbooks and the same Abalkin, who at one time caused colossal damage to this same national security. Due to the fact that the article is crude and does not bring anything new to science in the field of national and economic security, I do not recommend it for publication! Only through deep processing and understanding of this topic can an article be recommended! Evaluation not only as a Doctor of Philosophy, but also as an applicant for the scientific degree of Doctor of Economic Sciences in the field of national and economic security!

Before we identify some problematic aspects in the field of security, it is necessary to highlight the levels of occurrence of these problems.

The first level is global economic security, that is, Russia’s susceptibility to threats from global economy third countries. This level It is also called international or external security, but the definition of this level through the term “global” is considered more accurate in the scientific literature. The second level of security is regional security.

The third level includes the internal security of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, economic entities.

Let's consider the problems of Russia's global economic security.

Problems of global security are closely related to the tasks of harmonizing economic spheres. As one of the main reasons for global financial crisis can be called a significant increase in the number financial instruments, as well as a decrease in the reflection by these tools of the processes occurring in real sector economy. Financial and banking institutions were at the center of the crisis, with savings and processes for using balances Money on bank, government and enterprise accounts, etc.

The harmonization process balances the main areas and sectors of the economy with each other.

Equilibrium can only be achieved with a large-scale increase in domestic volumes of mass production. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure sufficiently high growth rates in industrial sectors of production, including the fuel and energy complex.

It is important to solve the problem of introducing competitive advanced technologies into production.

According to experts, resource-extracting industries have the greatest potential in production, however, a significant lag is observed in its processing and processing sectors, and the engineering industry is also at a low level.

The communications and transport industries have seen noticeable growth in the last nine years.

According to some scientists, determining the competitiveness of individual sectors of the economy is possible due to the increased level of novelty of technology. Thus, despite achieving growth rates in terms of certain species products in Russia in last years from 15 to 20% per year, on the world market the level of sales remains at no higher than one percent.

In Russia, there is a dependence of the technological level of the economy on such fundamental factors as innovation and investment. There has been a significant decline in investment in Russia due to sanctions imposed in 2014 by the United States and European Union countries. In the field of innovation in Russia, there is also no particular progress - their share as of 2015 is no higher than 10%.

Thus, we can state the presence of competitive technologies, machinery and equipment, including imports, at the level of the same share in the technological base of the state.

Another problem in Russia is the problem of food security.

There is inefficient use of agricultural land: Russia accounts for approximately 10% of the world's reserves, and the country's share in the world's agro-industrial production does not rise above 1.34%.

The main reason for this problem is the ownerlessness and non-use of about 30% of arable land. Given that Russia has about 250 million hectares of agricultural land, the share of production of food necessary for the country's population is no more than 65%, while in Europe there are only about 100 million hectares of land, which, when fully utilized, provide its population with food. In Japan, there are only about 5 million hectares of land, which provide food for approximately 80% of the country's 122 million citizens. Currently, there is a slight increase in the production of Russian food products due to the introduction of economic sanctions, but to achieve better results, Russia also needs to increase investment and innovation in agriculture.

Another problem of economic security is the reduction of labor resources. According to some researchers, in 2025 there may be a significant reduction in the working-age population by 17 million people, and, on the contrary, an increase in the number of citizens of retirement age by 7 million people. UN experts are also sounding the alarm, predicting a rapid demographic decline.

According to their calculations, by 2050 in Russia the number of working-age citizens may decrease by 42-43%, i.e. by 40 million people.

Experts offer only one way out of this situation - a significant increase in labor productivity by at least 4-5 times. It is important to include the development and implementation of national innovation programs and projects among the priority areas of economic development necessary to achieve a breakthrough and manifold increase in labor productivity and ensure the competitiveness of Russian products. Programs must be targeted and backed by real resources.

According to some researchers, such an innovative process should be developed by professional engineers. At making the right choice principles of innovative development of the state, they will be able to push the Russian economy towards progress.

Currently, there are very low indicators of the intellectual component of all industries Russian production- no higher than 1%, when in Western countries it can reach 25-30%. The reason is a sharp decrease, compared to the USSR, in registrations of patents for inventions - no more than 20 thousand per year, of which only 5% is used in industry. Overcoming this problem is possible if the Ministry of Education develops the necessary educational programs for training highly qualified specialists in industry.

One of the reasons for Russia’s economic lag is the lack of long-term social economic strategy countries.

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009, No. 537 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020” In Russia, the Concept of National Security of the State was adopted. This document formulated the priority principles of state policy, directions of national interests, types of threats to national security in the Russian Federation.

The implementation of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 should mobilize all factors in the development of the national economy, contribute to improving the quality of life of people, ensuring political stability, strengthening the country's defense, increasing the level of security and law and order, competitiveness and growing the international prestige of the Russian Federation.

It is also important to ensure unity public policy in the management system for solving strategic problems. It is necessary to create a special management body capable of scientifically determining the volume of the country's resources, assessing the capabilities of science, introducing and debugging a system of natural and cost balances. Building a comprehensive strategy for the long-term development of the country is possible, in our opinion, only if the above conditions are strictly observed.

New life.

Frivolity and attempts to downplay the threatening dangers are unacceptable here. The role of science in developing the concept of economic security is very large and responsible. Moreover, we are not just talking about verbal exercises and not about the search for beautiful formulas, various types of classifications of dangers - external and internal, long-term and current. It is fundamentally important to reveal the very essence of the problem, identify real threats, and offer reliable and effective methods for repelling them.

As world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the country’s independence, conditions for stability and efficiency of society, and achievement of success. Therefore, ensuring economic security is one of the most important national priorities.

The central direction of world development in the 21st century is globalization. The three main vectors under the influence of which the development of the world took place are geopolitics, geoeconomics and geostrategy. Until the second half of the 20th century, geopolitics came first. Geopolitics influenced the change in the geographical boundaries of states; to achieve their goals, states used military methods of influence, seizing the territories they needed by force. The main players in geopolitics are various states, military blocs of allied states, pursuing similar goals. Some are still trying to solve their problems with the help military force(Iraq's invasion of Kuwait), but geo-economics comes to the fore, providing an opportunity for global restructuring, devoid of open confrontation, using geo-economic (non-military) methods. This is caused, first of all, by the increased role of transnational corporations. Today they, and not individual states, are fighting for world resources.

Internationalization radically changes the nature of the international division of labor. Today, exchange processes take place not only between states, but also, first of all, between transnational structures, world reproduction centers (or cores), and large technological metropolises. The links of these centers are economic structures and management systems related to various national economies.

The “joints” of interaction between centers are nothing more than economic boundaries, which may not coincide with national ones. By their configuration, the world's production centers are mobile, the corresponding economic boundaries are of a changing nature, and it is along these boundaries that the world is continuously redivided.

Within the framework of global international structures, world income is formed and redistributed. The realization of economic interests occurs not only on the world market, but also on the so-called economic atlas of the world, including the national geo-economic atlas.

Operating on a geo-economic atlas does not require wait-and-see (or opportunistic) trading tactics, but an offensive, active position and appropriate mechanisms for realizing one’s interests. Accordingly, the vector strategy specifies the strategic model foreign economic relations, purposefully influencing the formation of the geo-economic situation.

The national economy is capable of reproduction geo-economically efficiently with the transformation of its foreign economic sector from a trade and intermediary to a production and investment model of foreign economic relations. To do this, the state needs to clearly define its strategic interests, and, depending on them, build relationships with large transnational structures.

If the state adopts the geo-economic vector of development, then new (non-military) types of influence on competitors appear, such as economic, environmental, demographic, etc.

Russian President Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, in his annual address to the nation, directly said that Russia has two possible paths of development - either Russia will be a strong state, or this state will disappear from the world atlas, according to at least, in the form in which it exists today. Many foreigners need Russia as a raw material appendage to their economy, living off the sale of its resources. This is a disastrous path for Russia. In order to survive, the state needs to build its economic policy taking into account the requirements technological development world community in the 21st century, it is necessary to find our growth points in the form of new technologies, in which we must not catch up, but get ahead of foreign competitors.

The concept of a country’s economic security includes not only maintaining the socio-political and military stability of the state at a sufficient level, but also, first of all, the development of the economy with its inclusion in the globalization processes taking place today in the world community. This paper discusses some issues of the country’s economic security, as well as the author’s opinion on the direction of development Russian economy in order to repel threats to Russia's economic security.

1. ESSENCE AND CRITERIA OF ECONOMIC SECURITY.

The term “economic security” first appeared in the 70s. It quickly became widespread in developed capitalist countries. It was then that, defending a realistic assessment of the current international situation, representatives of primarily Western European countries advocated the use of economic methods ensuring national security. One of the main tasks of economic security is to maintain and strengthen the country’s position in the world economic system.

Currently, economic security is a nationwide set of measures aimed at sustainable continuous development and improvement of the country's economy, which necessarily presupposes socio-political stability and independence of the state, as well as a mechanism to counter external and internal threats.

The problems of implementing the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation and ensuring the protection of national interests in the most important sectors of the economy are becoming increasingly important and attracting the close attention of politicians, scientists, and the broadest segments of the population. The relevance of these problems is caused by the scale of the threats and the real damage caused to the country's economic security as a result of an unprecedented economic crisis, which in its depth and duration far exceeded the Great Depression in the USA of 1929-1933.

Since countries with developed market economies (primarily the United States) have accumulated quite a lot of positive experience in the field of ensuring national economic security, it is undoubtedly of interest at the present time.

After the end of the Cold War, ensuring economic security became priority direction in US politics.

Secretary of State W. Christopher has repeatedly stated this officially. Thus, in February 1993, he emphasized that foreign policy The United States must stand on “three pillars”: strengthening the country’s economic security, maintaining democracy and respecting human rights. Key points in ensuring economic security are, according to the secretary, increasing the competitiveness of American goods in the domestic and foreign markets, reducing the country's dependence on foreign loans and strengthening its ability to fulfill international obligations in trade, economic and other areas.

The concept of national security is broader than the concept of economic security of the country; it includes defense, environmental, energy security, etc.

Row general conditions and factors puts forward the concept of economic security among a number of concepts that form a systematic view of the modern life of society and the state:

Differences in national interests, the desire for a more complete separation of them from common interests, despite the development of integration processes, require the development of an appropriate strategy.

Limitation natural resources, different degrees of provision of individual countries with them contain the potential for intensifying the economic and political struggle for the use of these resources.

The importance of the competition factor in the production and sale of goods is increasing, especially in the field of financial and banking services. The ability to create conditions for the development of the financial and banking sector and to debug its smooth operation is put on par with the ability to create new industrial and agricultural technologies.

That is why the increasing competitiveness of some countries is considered by others as a matter of real danger, a threat to their national interests.

Economic security itself has a complex internal structure, in which three of its most important elements can be distinguished:

Economic independence. Economic independence is not absolute because international division labor makes national economies interdependent on each other. Under these conditions, economic independence means the ability to control national resources. It is necessary to reach a level of production, efficiency and quality of products that ensures its competitiveness and allows it to participate on equal terms in world trade, cooperation ties and the exchange of scientific and technical achievements.

Federal state educational budgetary institution

Higher vocational education

"Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation"

(Financial University)

Department of Microeconomics

Discipline "Microeconomics"

Course work on the topic of:

"Problems of economic security in the modern economy"

Completed by: student of group OiUS1-1

Tran Ngoc Long

Checked by: d.e. Sc., prof. Vafina N.Kh.

Moscow 2013

Introduction

Bibliography

Annex 1

Appendix 2

Introduction

Any activity in the economic environment is associated with danger, which poses a threat to the stable functioning of economic structures. That is why, throughout the entire period of economic formation, increasing security in the sphere of economic activity has always been and remains one of the leading motives of human activity. As the economic systems the influence of various factors threatening the existence of these systems led to qualitative changes, as a result of which their security also increased.

One of the important conditions for the sustainable development of business entities during market transformations, the formation of high production results economic activity is an effective system for ensuring and continuously improving their economic security. The state of the country's macroeconomic security largely depends on how security problems are solved at the level of an individual company, where strategic goals and objectives are actually implemented economic policy states.

Changes in the economy under the influence of market mechanisms have singled out the system of economic security of business entities as a special object of management.

In conditions market economy, which is characterized by rapid processes and their high variability, both for individual enterprises and for large economic systems, the ability to accumulate a “strategic reserve” of competitiveness, which allows them to sustainably cope with changes in the environment, is fundamental.

As is known, the security situation of a company is influenced by both internal and external factors. In the context of globalization, it is constantly changing, remains unstable and risky. We take the liberty of asserting that today ensuring the sustainable, safe development of a company is no less complex and important problem than solving the same problem at the macro level.

The new situation made it necessary to re-evaluate and explore seemingly known problems. For example, a decline in production throughout the country, a change economic functions the state, which has already ceased to be the main investor and consumer of products, were forced to look much more broadly at the problem of ensuring the economic security of the company at various stages and levels of its production activities, as well as the basic principles, directions and stages of implementing security measures.

The little-studied problem of risk is of particular relevance in the new conditions. Meanwhile, not only the position in the company itself depends on the ability to manage risks, but also often the well-being of clients (investors) who have entrusted their money to it. financial resources. In turn, qualified management is impossible without understanding the nature of risks, the ability to qualify them, assess the relationship of individual components, and also correctly plan your actions.

economic security national Russia

§ 1. Characteristics of economic security

1.1 Concept, properties and functions of economic security

The concept of "security" is inextricably linked with such concepts as "sustainability", "development", "vulnerability" and "governability".

Development, is one of the components of the economic security system. If the system does not develop, does not acquire novelty, then its ability to survive, resistance and adaptability to internal and external destructive factors that characterize danger and conditions affecting its stability are sharply reduced.

Sustainability and safetyare the most important characteristics of any system, including those aimed at the functioning and development of economic, commercial or entrepreneurial activity. Resilience reflects the stability and reliability of the structures and elements of a system.

Vulnerabilitysystem - an indicator characterizing the degree of its exposure to external and internal dangers, i.e. the degree of his insecurity. In a broader concept: “vulnerability can be considered as the property of any material object of nature, technology or society to lose the ability to perform natural or specified functions as a result of the negative impacts of hazards of a certain origin and intensity.”

Controllabilitysystem is comprehensive description its ability to respond to targeted influence, taking into account anticipation of the changing characteristics of the external and internal environment.

Economic security in the broad sense of the word is a multi-level structure, including international economic security; economic security of a single state, region, company; personal economic security. These components are closely connected with each other, forming a kind of subordinated system. It is important to note that the substance, the core of this system is the security of the state. If at this level the problems of economic security are resolved properly, then at the level of an individual business entity, say a company, the same thing is observed. And vice versa, if the state does not perform this function, then the company faces difficulties.

The category of economic security is interpreted differently in the scientific literature. For example, according to V. Tambovtsev, “the economic security of a particular system must be understood as the totality of properties of the state of its production subsystem, which ensures the ability to achieve the goals of the entire system.” According to L.I. Abalkin, “economic security is a state of the economic system that allows it to develop dynamically, efficiently and solve social problems, and in which the state has the opportunity to develop and implement an independent economic policy.

1.2 Essence and types of economic security

The most important component of economic security is the recognition of the special national-state interests and goals of Russia. These interests exist both within the borders of the country and outside: state sovereignty; Russia's international position, its place in the global division of labor, in specialization and cooperation of production, in world trade, in international financial and banking systems, in the most important markets for goods and services; self-preservation, self-defense.

As a knowledge system, economic security combines the following subsystems:

· legislative and legal documents forming the legal field economic law;

economics;

·business;

· commercial activities;

· entrepreneurship;

· banking activities;

· currency and securities market, etc.

Danger is the probability of deviation of the stable characteristics of the economic system, threatening its reliable and safe functioning under the influence of destructive factors of the internal or external environment.

Reliable security in the field of economic activity can be achieved through:

Ø strategies for forming the main tasks of achieving the goal;

Ø tactics for achieving goals;

Ø highlighting areas of knowledge, the study of which is necessary to achieve the goal, developing means of cognition and principles used for decision making;

Ø development and formation of practical and theoretical (scientific) problems of economic security.

1.3 Economic security and its place in the national security system

In a transitional economy, the national interests of the state are aimed at creating conditions for the stable development of society. Ensuring such conditions should guarantee the presence of a multi-level security system, including economic security. As discussed earlier, economic security includes various levels: state, regional, industry, firm, household and individual.

The economic security of a household is the ability of a subject to self-survival in the face of internal and external threats, as well as protection from the effects of unpredictable and difficult to predict factors.

In Russia's transitional economy, it is more important than ever to ensure that households have the opportunity to fully participate in economic processes, organize and save own sources and volumes of income. In addition, households should be able to protect their own choices and feel supported by the state. Creating safe living conditions for households in the context of transformation of the economic environment filled with threats and dangers is a natural process.

Economic security is a kind of service provided by the state with the help of funds created by the entire society. The state cannot always provide complete protection from possible dangers and threats. Because the economic interests of the state may initially be in conflict with the economic interests of firms and households.

§ 2. The influence of economic security problems in the economy in developed countries

Currently, programs for preventing and combating economic crimes are widespread in the United States, implemented in cooperation with the country's law enforcement agencies with public and private security agencies and detective bureaus. This form joint activities police and non-governmental organizations quite effective.

According to experts, the costs of American firms when concluding contracts with intelligence agencies providing security services reach $6 billion. Another $11 billion is spent on security of internal premises in order to reduce costs for the services of insurance companies.

The need to reduce commercial risks and increase business security prompts many companies, in addition to collaborating with independent security companies, to create their own security services. Government intelligence agencies, in particular the FBI and CIA, are usually involved in this.

The UK, like the USA, is characterized by the desire of entrepreneurs to minimize unwanted publicity about the illegal activities of their subordinates.

According to experts, ensuring safety only computer information in banks, up to 18 types of illegal operations can be distinguished, which today are given Special attention, because traditional methods they are difficult to detect. These types of suppression of computer crimes include:

· combating fraud in the field of electronic deposit transfers;

· identifying fraud in the provision of deposits;

· ensuring the safety of deposits.

2.1 Formation of the foundations of economic security in banking

Economic aspects of the security of business entities within the framework of the activity approach, as a rule, are not dominant. The updating of economic aspects is usually carried out by the category of economic security, which involves, first of all, ensuring the possibility of realizing the bank’s economic goals: maximizing profits and minimizing operating costs.

In addition to the above, there are many other approaches to defining the concept of economic security of business entities. Let's analyze some of them.

Normative approach.

Banking security is a system of economic norms and instruments that ensure the protection of banks and the interests of their clients. Modern economic theory and practice have developed many economic characteristics banks, for example:

· quality of assets (structure of the bank's loan and investment portfolio);

· profitability of the bank’s functioning, which allows us to judge the effectiveness of the bank’s work;

· liquidity and solvency characterizing financial stability jar;

· bank growth rates, etc.

However, the regulatory approach to the economic security of a bank is very narrow, since it limits security issues only to the rules and regulations that banks must comply with in the course of their activities, and the guarantees that protect bank clients from incompetent credit institutions. This approach establishes general rules and regulations for banking activities, but does not take into account many individual factors and environmental influences on a particular bank.

Institutional approach.

The above analysis of various approaches shows that the economic security of a bank is not a one-dimensional concept. First of all, in the considered definitions it is not possible to explicitly identify the security object. In addition, real economic security is subject to the influence of many objective and subjective factors and circumstances. In particular, it is largely determined by the state of government institutions that guarantee the protection of the economic interests of an economic entity. The more stable the elements of the economic system, the ratio of industrial and financial-banking capital, the balance of the ownership structure and government regulation, investment support, development of institutional infrastructure, etc., the safer the system.

Therefore, it seems that economic security is a certain state of the economy of an economic entity, measured by scientifically based quantitative and qualitative criteria, necessary and sufficient for:

ü implementation of the target function (activity and economic components);

ü independent, sustainable and progressive development;

ü maintaining stability under external and internal economic, political, social, natural and man-made destabilizing influences.

Thus, an analysis of the concept of banking security allows us to draw the following conclusions:

.the object of the bank’s economic security is the state of its economy;

2.The state of the bank's economy in terms of security is determined by the security of personnel, information and property.

2.2 Economic security of the company (enterprise). Types and sources of threats

Economic security of the enterprise -is a system that provides competitive advantages enterprises through the effective use of resources (material, labor, financial, investment) based on the study of comprehensive information generated in a comprehensive accounting and information system.

One of the most important characteristic features entrepreneurship is a commercial risk. This puts businesses in conditions where they must take into account in advance the sources and factors of commercial risk, danger and threat to the economic security of business activity. A risk factor in business is understood as a cause, a driving force that can generate safety or lead to damage or loss.

Sources of danger are conditions and factors that conceal within themselves and, under certain conditions, by themselves or in various combinations reveal hostile intentions, harmful properties, and a destructive nature.

Thus, depending on the ability to predict them, one should distinguish foreseeable, or predictable, dangers or threats and unforeseen ones.

TO foreseeableinclude those that, as a rule, arise in certain conditions, they are known from the experience of economic activity, timely identified and generalized by economic science.

Unforeseenarise suddenly, unexpectedly. They are usually associated with unpredictable actions of competitors, partners, changes in the legal field, deformation of the socio-economic or political situation, force majeure circumstances (accidents, natural disasters) etc.

Depending on the source of danger and threat to economic security, enterprises are divided into objective and subjective. Objectivearise without the participation and beyond the will of the enterprise or its employees, they are independent of decisions made, manager's actions. Subjectivegenerated by intentional or unintentional actions of people, various organs and organizations, including government and international competitors. Therefore, their prevention is largely related to the impact on subjects economic relations.

A threat is seen as changes in internal or external environment subject that lead to undesirable changes in the subject of security. a threat can be considered as a directed impact of danger, i.e. characterized by the direction of the factor and the likelihood of its manifestation. A threat to economic activity is characterized by any impact leading to a change in the stable functioning of the economic system in the present period and its sustainable development in the future. In economic practice, ensuring the protection and safety of firms and enterprises is considered vital, since without scientifically based technologies for ensuring security, business units cannot be confident in the prospects further development.

Security, competitiveness and sustainability are three interrelated vectors of the evolution of companies, therefore, the inconsistency of any of them with the others leads to systemic problems and initiates crises.

2.3 Economic mechanisms for protecting the company

Any company operates and develops in conditions of uncertainty, in a competitive external environment that produces numerous threats. Extreme processes cause sharp, shock changes in the endogenous conditions and resources of the company, provoking defensive reactions on its part. The need to form an effective economic mechanism for protecting the company is obvious, but first - the development theoretical foundations this kind of strategic design.

The economic mechanism of protecting a company is defined as a way of transforming the state of danger into security due to effective control input of resources and output of products, combination of endogenous factors and mobilization of reserves, monitoring and filtering of threats, their reflection and suppression. The function of this mechanism is to ensure the continuous expansion of the reproduction system for counteracting extreme impacts with a minimum of costs and a maximum of useful effect to maintain the homeostasis of the company in the triune coordinate system of its competitive, sustainable and safe development.

Rice. 1.System protection function of the company

Security is a prerequisite for security and the basis for the competitiveness and sustainability of a company's development. But since a company is a complex economic system, the mechanism for protecting it from threats must also be systemic. The functional consistency of this mechanism lies in its coverage of all actions, operations, production cycles and business processes of the company.

The systematic nature of the mechanism under consideration is expressed by the logic of the relationship of its key elements (blocks) - goals, subjects, objects, tools, means, methods, indicators, methods of correction.

The system of goals, the implementation of which this mechanism serves, is differentiated and forms two levels. The top one is represented by the general (main) goal, and the bottom one by a set of private goals, distributed in separate areas, terms, objects, and methods of implementing protective measures.

General goal ensuring the protection of the company from extreme environmental influences - with a minimum of costs to create constantly operating mechanism counter external threats and ensure the stability of the company's dynamics.

Private goals ensuring the protection of a company can be divided into the following blocks:

· in areas - diagnostics and monitoring of threats, their blocking and elimination, informing and instructing personnel, etc.;

· by terms - short-term, seasonal, medium-term (1-2 years), long-term (3-5 years);

· by object - suppliers, wholesalers, intermediaries, consumers, etc.

Main subjectensuring the company's security can be provided by a specialized protective unit, an external organization engaged on a contract basis, a mobile working group with protection functions, etc.

Objects of protectionare the company as a whole and its competitive status, and the focal areas of security are personnel, technology, materials and raw materials, institutional structure, organizational charts, information, goods, financial flows.

§ 3. Impact of economic security problems in Russia

3.1 Difficulties in addressing economic security in Russia

The problem of ensuring Russia's security in the economic field is complicated by a combination of major internal problems associated with the difficulties of developing a market economy caused by the global financial and economic crisis, with no less major problems external plan, associated with the contradictions of the globalization process against the backdrop of the same global crisis.

The modern market economy allows business entities to independently determine options for organizing production and the possibility of selling products, ways to develop their economic interests, and choose business partners. This, in turn, requires them to be responsible for the results of their activities and necessitates the need to solve problems of safety and sustainable development of the enterprise.

The development of society and ensuring the well-being of its members significantly depends on the safety of their activities. The most important component of this security is economic security, which can be considered as a stable state of the national economy.

At the present stage, the development of the Russian economy is characterized by many transient processes when crises and critical situations are an integral characteristic of the functioning of economic systems at all levels. Therefore, ensuring economic security becomes one of the strategic government objectives. At the same time, during the reform process, our economy has largely lost the ability to carry out expanded production. Many enterprises, having become independent economic entities, have been experiencing financial and economic difficulties for a long time due to the low competitiveness of their products, low quality of service delivery and ineffective forms of management organization.

The formation and development of market mechanisms in the Russian economy, changes in the forms and methods of state regulation of enterprises, the increased influence of the external environment, the emergence of competition and the need for enterprises to adapt to the conditions prevailing in the external environment have led to the emergence of numerous problems in ensuring the economic security of enterprises.

In these conditions, for enterprises and economic entities, the problem of increasing the level of economic support economic security.

The economic security of business entities is closely dependent, first of all, on the state of the country’s economy. This external economic environment determines the framework within which economic entities conduct their activities and suggests the mechanisms that they can use to ensure the economic efficiency of their activities and achieve a certain level of economic security.

Thus, economic security is inextricably linked with the economic efficiency of the functioning of business entities and with the prevention of threats aimed at reducing this efficiency.

3.2 Promising directions and methods for solving problems of economic security

Ensuring economic security and sustainable development of corporations involves achieving an optimal balance between their risks and profitability. In turn, the construction of a system for ensuring the economic security of corporate entities is aimed not at eliminating risk factors, but at creating a mechanism that can ensure the effective conduct of business activities in conditions of uncertainty.

The main direction of improving the economic security system is to create and ensure the security of all blocks of its components: property, personnel, information and financial.

In the system of ensuring the economic security of business entities, an important place belongs to means of protection. Their composition must correspond modern stage economic development and be based on new, progressive technologies, which should be based on certain rules (standards) for business protection.

Based on the analysis results current system, adopted by Russian business entities as a protective measure, and also taking into account foreign practice developed in this field of activity system of corporate protection of economic security of business entities in a market economy.

The system includes the following major areas of protection:

v governmental support;

v prevention of external threats;

v ensuring internal security;

v organization of competitive intelligence;

v usage modern technologies ensuring economic security in economics and finance.

State protection and support of business entitiesplays a central role in ensuring their safety. Exactly government bodies must promptly develop laws regulating business activities that protect their interests and property.

The main elements of an enterprise's economic security system include: protection of trade secrets and confidential information; computer security; internal security; safety of buildings and structures; physical security; technical safety; communication security; security of economic contractual activities; safety of transportation of goods and persons, etc.

The main tasks of the economic security system of any commercial structure include:

ü protection of the legal rights and interests of the enterprise and its employees;

ü collection, analysis, assessment of data and forecasting of the development of the situation;

ü studying partners, clients, competitors, job candidates for the enterprise;

ü ensuring safety material assets and information constituting a trade secret of the enterprise;

ü monitoring the effectiveness of the enterprise security system, improving its elements.

ü Threats, risks, protection and safety of a company can be considered at five interconnected levels of its structure: three main (nano-workers, mini-divisions and micro-firm as a whole as a subject of interaction with the environment) and two intermediate (professional groups of workers and functional subsystems) . In this case, it is necessary to take into account the multi-layered external environment of the company.

Conclusion

The problem of ensuring the economic security of enterprises requires a solution that concerns all enterprises and economic entities operating in market conditions. In order to ensure security in the economic sphere, it is necessary to protect against internal and external influences that violate normal functioning to the enterprise.

To fully ensure economic security, an enterprise needs to do the following:

· identify paradoxes and contradictions in legislation in order to minimize taxes and fees;

· develop mechanisms and take measures against criminal groups with the possible involvement of law enforcement agencies;

· identify the level of professionalism of partners, the psychology of their behavior;

· develop and implement mechanisms to counter the activities of dishonest competitors, prevent unofficial tax audits.

Managing the economic security of an enterprise involves detecting dangerous threats, determining the structure and functions of departments, which ensures the prevention of these threats and the creation of a forecasting system and operational planning of economic security issues.

The system for assessing and analyzing economic security includes a set of successive, interconnected blocks, stages of activity, methodologies, methods, and models systematized and adapted to these tasks, making it possible to identify, evaluate and reduce the impact of economic risk to an acceptable level with minimal expenditure of corporate resources .

The economic security of an enterprise is proposed to be considered as a measure of harmonization in time and space of the economic interests of the enterprise with the interests of the associated subjects of the external environment operating outside the boundaries of the enterprise. This understanding of the economic security of an enterprise does not contradict the attempts already made to define this concept, since, just like all these attempts, it proceeds from the recognition of a significant, if not more decisive, influence of the external environment on the activities of the enterprise. The fundamental difference of the proposed understanding of the economic security of an enterprise is the recognition of the impossibility of completely protecting the enterprise’s activities from the negative influence of the external environment due to the fact that the enterprise operates in this external environment and its activities are impossible outside it, as well as the recognition of the positive influence of the external environment.

The economic security of an enterprise, its independence and the prevention of slipping into a critical risk zone can be ensured if the most important strategic directions for ensuring business security are identified, a clear logical scheme is built for the timely detection and elimination of possible dangers and threats, and reducing the consequences of economic risk. It is necessary to carry out a number of preparatory measures to create a reliable security system for the company. This work largely determines what decisions will be made in this area, how security authorities will be formed, what financial, material and human resources will be allocated, and ultimately, the effectiveness of ensuring business security.

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Annex 1

Maximum critical values ​​of state security indicators

No. ECONOMIC SPHERE1Volume of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita from the world average 100% Socio-political, economic and military upholding from developed and moderately developed countries 2 Share in industrial production: manufacturing industry, mechanical engineering 70% 20% Deindustrialization of the country, collapse of the military-industrial complex 3 Volume of investments, in % of GDP 25% Curtailment of production 4 Share of new types of products in production volume 6% Loss high technology, sales markets and a decrease in the country's defense capability5 Inflation rate for the year 20% Uncertainty of the population in the future, economic crisis6 Volume external debt as a percentage of GDP25%Economic enslavement of the country, loss of state independence7Budget deficit as a percentage of GDP5%Increasing inflation8Volume foreign currency in cash to the volume of cash national currency 25% Undermining confidence in the national currency, financial dependence 9 Money supply as a percentage of GDP 50% Disadvantage working capital, decline in production10Share of imports in domestic consumption: total food 30% 25%Economic, socio-political and military dependence of the country, threat of famine11Differentiation of state entities by subsistence level 1.5 times Emergence of military conflicts between state entities12Level of decline in industrial production30-40%Deindustrialization of the economy13Share in product exports manufacturing industry 40% Colonial-raw materials structure of the economy 14 Share in the export of high-tech products 10-15% Technological advancement of the economy 15 Share of government allocations for science as a percentage of GDP 2% Destruction of intellectual potential

Appendix 2

External and internal threats to the economic security of an enterprise.

External threatsInternal threatsActive participation of government and management representatives in commercial activities Actions or inactions (including intentional and unintentional) by employees of an enterprise that are contrary to the interests of its commercial activities, which may result in causing economic damage to the company Use of criminal structures to influence competitors Leakage or loss information resources(including information constituting a trade secret and/or confidential information) Lack of laws allowing in full counteract unfair competition Undermining its business image in business circles Lack of favorable conditions in the country for scientific and technical research The emergence of problems in relationships with real and potential partners (up to the loss of important contracts) Lack of detailed and objective information about business entities and their financial situation Conflict situations representatives of the criminal environment, competitors, regulatory and law enforcement agencies, industrial injuries or death of personnel, etc. Lack of business culture in the business environment

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Problems of ensuring economic security of Russia

The need for protection from unwanted external influences and radical internal changes, in other words, the need for security is a basic, fundamental need for the life of both an individual, a family, and various associations of people, including society and the state. In the conditions of the formation of a market economy, the sphere of safe existence has narrowed so much that the constant and massive dissatisfaction of this need has an impact on negative impact on the development of the functioning of individual citizens, families, organizations, the state and society as a whole, exacerbating the crisis state of all spheres of its life.

Today, the most pressing issues are related to threats to the national security of the Russian Federation. Economic security is one of the most important components of the country's national security.

Currently, the object of economic security is the economy at all levels with its tasks of stability, invulnerability, balance of obvious benefits and certain damage introduced by the process of “pulling” into international market relations and economic relations. The crisis state of the economy is manifested through a significant reduction in production, a decrease in investment activity, the destruction of scientific and technical potential, stagnation of the agricultural sector, and a decrease in revenue. federal budget etc.

The object of this study is the economic security of Russia. The subject of the research is the problems of ensuring the economic security of Russia. regulatory security management

The purpose of the work is to study the concept of “economic security” and identify the main problems of its organization in Russia. As a result of the study, the following tasks were solved:

reveal the essence of the concept of “economic security”;

consider the regulatory framework for economic security;

study the main governing bodies of economic security in Russia;

consider mechanisms for ensuring economic security in Russia;

draw conclusions about the importance of ensuring economic security and solving the main problems.

The topic of the course work, its goals and objectives determined the research methodology. It was carried out within the framework of macroeconomic and structural-institutional approaches based on the dialectical method, historical and logical analysis, methods of economic and mathematical modeling, as well as statistical and econometric methods for processing and analyzing empirical data.

Theoretical and methodological basis The research was based on the works of domestic and foreign economists in the field of management and protection of economic interests, solving security problems, results scientific research Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and a number of other institutes on economic security issues.

Various aspects of managing the national economy and its individual sectors in the context of the transformation of the Russian economy have been studied by many domestic and foreign scientists. The works of L.I. are devoted to economic security in the main spheres of the economy. Abalkin, A.V. Sidorovich, Yu.S. Ufimtsev, A.A. Odintsov, V.K. Senchagova, S. Rabkina and others. Both periodicals and teaching aids were used.

According to the degree of importance, economic security indicators can be divided into general, basic and specific. Based on the scale of the characterized security object, we can distinguish:

• 1) microeconomic indicators that determine the state of the enterprise, firm, institution, as well as families and individuals;
• 2) mesoeconomic indicators characterizing the region or industry;
• 3) macroeconomic indicators reflecting the state of the country’s economy as a whole.

The main mechanism for ensuring economic security in Russia is also highlighted, and the basic principles for ensuring economic security are considered. The second chapter reveals actual problems ensuring economic security in Russia today. In the context of the study, the interaction of the federal center and regions in the process of ensuring economic security, the main problems and the significance of this interaction are considered. It is emphasized that the discrepancy between the vertical management and the actually established horizontal regulation of regional economic development aggravates the situation and introduces chaos into the development of relations between the federal center and the regions and that, according to E.M. Primakov, “Russia faces a long struggle not only for building effective state institutions, but also to overcome deep-rooted resistance to the very idea of ​​strengthening the rule of law. And as it happened in the history of our country, part of the final solution to the problem of the legitimacy of power may be the transfer of power from the center to the regions and local authorities.”

The influence of the development of nanotechnologies within the framework of scientific and technical progress on the economic security of the country is revealed. Since nanometric materials and products (with parameters from 1 to 100 nm) are characterized by radically improved physical, chemical and consumer properties, it is often impossible to get a full-scale idea of ​​the prospects and possible consequences of this systemic process. Pessimists focus public attention on the potential threats and risks of nanotechnological production and use of products with nanofeatures. We are talking about the possible biological and environmental danger of nanoobjects. According to experts of the UN World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), the following specific properties of nanotechnologies are of greatest concern: the invisibility of nanotechnologies during their use makes it difficult to control and track their consequences (as with nuclear technologies); high rates of development of nanotechnologies make it difficult, especially in the long term, to predict them possible consequences and taking appropriate action. It is generally accepted that the sphere of nanotechnology in Russia is “quite politicized”, since it uses significant amounts of government funding distributed among competing groups."

The main results of the study are that in order to ensure the economic security of Russia and to solve the assigned tasks, it is necessary to develop an appropriate mechanism for their implementation. The mechanism for ensuring the economic security of the country in the context of globalization is a system of organizational, economic and legal measures on prevention economic threats. It includes the following elements:

• - objective and comprehensive monitoring of the economy and society in order to identify and predict internal and external threats to economic security;
• - development of threshold, maximum permissible values ​​of socio-economic indicators, non-compliance with which leads to instability and social conflicts;
• - state activities to identify and prevent internal and external threats to economic security.

The mechanism for ensuring economic security in the context of globalization is implemented through a state strategy, which should be an ideology of development and take into account strategic priorities and national interests. That's why the main objective economic strategy consists in shaping the structure of the economy and the formation of industrial, financial and banking structures capable of creating conditions for the introduction of capital into a new direction of economic development.

Another important aspect economic security strategies - stability of the national currency. State strategy in the field of ensuring economic security is developed and implemented within the framework of the ongoing economic policy, the main priorities of which are achieving the sustainability of the economic situation of the individual, the socio-economic stability of society, the state, respect for the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, legality and law-abiding of everyone, including government bodies.

For these purposes, a well-functioning and reliable system of state influence on the economy must be created, allowing for the regulation of the most important economic transformations with minimal losses, and also capable of taking on the functions of managing and maintaining the country’s economy at a safe level. The state must implement a set of measures, first of all, to ensure economic growth, which will guarantee the economic security of the country.

Since the problem of economic security has been quite relevant in Russia since the early 90s. This is quite natural, since the transformation of the state is accompanied by the collapse of old institutions and the creation of new ones. But, as you know, this process is very long and expensive. Accordingly, during this period the country is in a transitional state and is quite vulnerable. Until now, the government of the Russian Federation cannot bring the country to the proper level. The prevention of various threats to economic security is entrusted to the President of Russia federal authorities executive power. There are special government regulations in this area with lists of measures, but, unfortunately, today their application in practice is not felt.

In conclusion, I would like to highlight the main directions for solving problems in the field of ensuring the economic security of Russia.

It is necessary to improve the regulatory framework for all types of economic relations. Russia's national interests in the economic field are key. Complete solution problems associated with the implementation of Russia's interests is possible only on the basis of the sustainable functioning of diversified high-tech production, capable of providing the leading sectors of the economy with high-quality raw materials and equipment, the army with weapons, the population and social sphere- consumer goods and services, and foreign trade-- competitive export goods.

The isolation of regional economic complexes has created a psychology of temporary workers, which society today has to abandon. The objective, at that time, isolation of the economic complexes of the regions, which took place within the framework of political euphoria, the complexity of the system of relations between the regions and the federal center, including in matters of budget financing and tax relations, formed a new system of federal interaction. It was built not simply on the principles of administrative-territorial division, but on economic lobbying of certain interests. Hence the lack of those “links” between the center, regions, state corporations, private companies and the population, which actually force each of the participants in this process to determine their interests.

From the standpoint of ensuring the economic security of the country, it is strategically important that the planned projects be implemented, since, on the one hand, the federal center actually provides additional funding to the regions, and on the other, the regions themselves activate their internal reserves, forming a new system of economic relations. The state deliberately finances from federal sources those powers that in many Western countries are financed by the regions themselves. Thereby creating the basis for the subsequent independent development of the territories, but within the framework of the Federation and the overall development strategy of the country. Perhaps this is one of the options for the transition from disintegration processes to the integration of territories. As for another problem related to nanotechnology, it shows that the equalization in the current situation of the level of financing for nanoindustrialization in Russia and the United States is a unique phenomenon in itself. But to increase production and increase the competitiveness of domestic nanoproducts, systemic institutional changes are needed, first of all. They are associated with the development of the target mechanism state lending long-term innovation projects, “cultivating” public-private venture partnership institutions, forming an effective patent system and strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights, introducing procedures for strategic and indicative planning of development institutions with setting targets for their activities, establishing strict requirements and safety standards for nanomaterials, etc.